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UNIT 4 AIM C - ASSIGNMENT UNIT 15 AIM A CHEMISTRY
CLASS IN LANCASHIRE
Introduction to Chemistry (University of Central Lancashire)
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BTEC Applied Science Unit 4 Learning aim C, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Chemistry
Laboratory techniques and their application, learning aim C, Distinction grade level, complete with graphs, tables and calculations included. SIDE NOTE: These assignments should only be used as a guid e! These assignments are uploaded for you to see what a distinction level assignment looks like, not to be copied. Please send me a message if you have any questions about this assignment.
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UNIT 4 AIM C - ASSIGNMENT UNIT 15 AIM A CHEMISTRY
CLASS IN LANCASHIRE
Introduction to Chemistry (University of Central Lancashire)
UNIT 4 AIM C
PREPARATION OF ASPIRIN USING TECHNIQUE AND TESTING METHOD
INTODUCTION
In this unit, we will be using techniques and testing methods to prepare and test for aspirin. It is also called acetylsalicylic. The aim of this unit is to accurately prepare, test the purity and describe using methods of how aspirin (the organic solid) is made in the industry. The organic solid (aspirin) is a medicine used to bring down fever, inflammation and reduced pain. It is normally used as normal painkillers such as toothaches, headaches and to cure common cold symptoms.
After the preparation of the organic solid we will test the purity and compare it to laboratory and industrial process of their preparation of aspirin. To prepare the organic solid (aspirin), we use salicylic acid (acetylation with acetic anhydride).
To prepare and test the purity, we are going to have a two parts experiments.
Apparatus for part one of the experiment we are going to need,
10cm3 measuring cylinder Sulfuric acid (concentrated) Spatula Deionized or distilled water Thermometer 250 cm3 beaker Filter paper Filtration apparatus to reduce pressure
Allow the warm content in the flask to cool down and pour it into a beaker containing water (75cm3) and vigorously swirl for the solid the precipitate. Using a reduced pressure filter apparatus (such as Buchner funnel), filtrate the aspirin to avoid skin contact. Using double-thickness filter paper, allow the collected crude aspirin to cool down.
Purification method
Using 25cm of warm ethanol, add a sample of the crude aspirinto the ethanol (using spatula) and allow it to dissolve in a boiling tube. Using stirring rod, stir the mixture until the ethanol dissolvesthe aspirin sample. Using the 400cm3 of beaker containing warm waterof temperature about 75oC. Pour the dissolved aspirin in the ethanol into a conical flask containing 45cm3 of water. Using the 400cm3 beaker containing warm water of temperature about 75 oC place the conical flask in the beaker containing the warm water and allow the crystal to gradually separate. Take it out and allow it to cool down using an ice bath. Using a reduce pressure apparatus and allow it to dry the filter paper. When there is total dryness and crystallization has formed, finally record the mass value of the purified aspirin.
We purify aspirin in order to get rid of all the impurities in it. It gives us the actual mass of the organic solid at the end of the experiment and it its beginning.
Industrial ways of preparing and testing organic solids (aspirin).
There are several ways of producing aspirin by industries, but most industries use the reactor method. Using toluene, ethanoic acid, 2-hydrobenzoic acid and Salicylic (2- hydroxybenzenecarboxylic) acid with addition of water and its coolant is mixed in the reactor and then filtered. The particles after it is filtered are washed and dried and filtered again to create the aspirin. To complete the reaction using the reactor process, acetic anhydride is needed with the ideal (optimum) constant temperature of about 85oC. To generate the temperature, a constant heat source is used so that there is a full completion of the entire process and not partially. When the whole process is fully completed, the crystal of the solution is formed when it is allowed to cool down at an ideal room temperature. After the crystals are fully formed, it is filtered using a Buchner funnel. The remaining are washed using distilled water and allowed to dry. Aspirin is formed and can be compressed into the form of a tablet.
Testing aspirin
We test aspirin to make sure it is pure and safe to use.
Aspirin has several ways of testing its purity. Because it is now produced on a larger scale, most industries use visual spectrophotometers. The spectrophotometer mostly checks the purity of the amount of acetylsalicylic acidic aspirin. It checks the quality of nucleic acid using visible spectrum including NIR AND UV with wavelengths which go beyond 400-700 nm ranges.
In the laboratory, we used several techniques in the preparation of organic solids. We used crystallization and recrystallization techniques to achieve the aim of the experiment.
Crystallization
The process of formation of solid is known as crystallization. In aspirin preparations, the solids formed are known as crystals. In this experiment, to create the crystal aspirin we use the cooling process and allow the cooled solution to dry. But before we allow it to cool for the crystal to be formed, we add water to it so that it breaks down the excess acetic anhydride and makes the product crystallize. The crystals in aspirin are monoclinic particles
Recrystallization
Recrystallization in aspirin preparation of the removal of impurities from the aspirin. This method or technique is used to purify aspirin. In the process of purification, water is added to the mixed acetic anhydride and salicylic acid and allowed to cool down. The water destroys the reaction of acetic anhydride causing the pure aspirin in the solution to crystallize. The impurity on the solution remains dissolved in the solution whiles the pure crystallizes. When it is left longer to cool down, we have larger crystals formed over time.
We also used gravity filtration. To perform this technique, I used conical filter paper, a funnel and a beaker. With the filter paper in the funnel on top of the beaker, I filtered the solution leaving the crystal on the filter paper and allowing it to dry.
Comparing laboratory and industrial manufactured organic solid
There is a major difference between the lab made and industrial made aspirin. In the industrial way, because they are mostly on larger scales and for commercial purposes, when it comes to technology wise, they are very much equipped. They mostly use the reactor machine in the process. Everything is mixed in the reactor and is monitored and controlled by the worker. With the help of machinery and skilled workers aspirin is manufactured efficiently and safely for consumers. And they have the technology and skills to test the purity of the product on a very large scale.
In the laboratory, aspirin is mostly manufactured for science experiments just like the one we did for these units. Use normal apparatus like the ones mentioned above to make our aspirin. In the lab also, only small amounts of aspirin are produced at a time as compared to the industries. In checking for the purification of the product it can be as accurate as the one made in the industry.
There is production of more aspirin in the industry since aspirin is now used as the most common drug for curing pain and fever. Over 80% of the world's aspirin is produced industrially.
Industrial Manufacture and Testing of an Organic Solid (ukessays.com)
https://www.lahc.edu/classes/chemistry/arias/exp 5 - aspirinf11.pdf
BTEC Applied Science: Unit 4 Learning aim C - Unit 4 - Laboratory Techniques and their Application - Stuvia UK