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BTEC Unit 1 Applied Science Questions And Answers /2025 Describe the function of the nucleolus Produces ribosomes and RNA Describe the function of the cell wall Provides rigidity and protection to the cell Describe the function of the chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis as they contain chlorophyll
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Describe the function of the nucleolus
Produces ribosomes and RNA
Describe the function of the cell wall
Provides rigidity and protection to the cell
Describe the function of the chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis as they contain chlorophyll
Describe the function of the plasmodesmata
A channel through the cell wall the allows transport of materials from one cell to another
Describe the function of the amyoplasts
Stores starch and converts starch back into glucose when the plant needs energy
Describe the function of the vacuole
Stores water and chemicals for cell use. Also maintains turgor of cell
Describe the function of the tonoplasts
Membrane the surrounds the vacuole. Protects the vacuole, isolates it from harmful substances and controls water flow in and out of the vacuole
Why are gram positive bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics?
Permeable cell wall whereas gram negative bacteria has a semi-permeable cell wall
Describe the adaptations found in a palisade cell
Closely packed together
Chloroplasts
Large vacuole
Explain why root hair cells have a large vacuole
Contains cell sap with low water potential to encourage water into the cell
Explain why root hair cells have thin cellulose walls
Encourage movement of water and minerals into the cell. Short distance for osmosis and diffusion
Describe the adaptations of a sperm cell
Lots of mitochondria
Shaped head containing acrosome (with enzymes)
Haploid nucleus
Tail for movement
Explain why a sperm cell has an undulipodium (tail)
To allow the sperm to move to the egg
Explain why sperm cells contain large numbers of mitochondria
To produce the large amounts of energy needed for movement
Explain why sperm cells have a shaped head
To push through the protective layer of the egg cell
Explain why sperm cells contain acrosome in the head
To digest the zona pellucida to allow entry into the egg cell
Explain why sperm cells have a haploid nucleus
Contains half the genetic material.
Describe the adaptations of egg cells
Contains a haploid nucleus
Protective outer layer (zona pellucida)
Corona radiata
Explain why egg cells have a haploid nucleus
Contains half the genetic material
Explain why red blood cells have a biconcave shape
Increased surface area for gas exchange
Explain why red blood cells contain haemoglobin
To bind with the oxygen in order for it to be carried around the body
Explain why red blood cells are flexible
To fit through the tiny blood vessels such as capillaries
Describe the adaptations of white blood cells
Multi-lobed nucleus
Enzymes found within the lysosomes
Explain why white blood cells have a multi-lobed nucleus
To enable the cell to squeeze through tiny gaps when travelling to the site of infection
Explain why the lysosomes found within the cytoplasm of white blood cells contain enzymes
To digest engulfed pathogens
Name the 3 different types of epithelial tissue
Squamous epithelial tissue
Columnar epithelial tissue
Endothelium tissue
Describe squamous epithelial tissue
A lining tissue that is only one cell thick. Made from squamous cells that form a smooth, flat layer.
Where can squamous epithelial tissue be found?
As it is a lining tissue it can be found inside alveoli
How can squamous epithelial tissue be damaged by smoking?
Inflammation and scarring of tissue
What is meant by the term ciliated cell?
A cell covered in cilia. Cilia are fine, hair like projections that 'sweep' away pathogens from the lungs
How does smoking affect ciliated columnar tissue?
The cilia can break, lessening the 'sweeping action' overall. This leads to a build-up of mucus.
What is the role of the goblet cell?
To produce mucus
How do goblet cells and ciliated cells work together?
Goblet cells produce mucus that sticks to pathogens, whilst cilia 'sweep' away the mucus containing the pathogens
How does smoking affect the alveoli?
Reduces the elasticity so pockets of air form that cannot be expelled
Where is endothelial tissue found?
Lining the inside of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and the heart
Describe the structure of endothelial tissue
A layer of flattened cells, one layer thick
What is atherosclerosis?
The process of white blood cells encouraging the deposition of fatty substances (cholesterol) below the endothelial lining
What factors can increase the likelihood of atherosclerosis?
Smoking
High blood pressure
What conditions can atherosclerosis cause?
Angina
TIA (mini strokes)
Where can skeletal muscle be found?
Attached to bones
Where can cardiac muscle be found?
In the heart
Where can smooth muscle be found?
In the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach and bladder
Put the following in order of size from largest to smallest: fibre, muscle, filaments, myofibril, bundle of fibres
Muscle, bundle of fibres, fibre, myofibril, filaments
Muscle fibres are many cells joined together. What organelles do these cells share?
Nuclei and cytoplasm, inside which are many mitochondria and specialised ER
Why do muscle cells contain many mitochondria?
To provide large amounts of energy to the muscle for contractions
Give the term used to describe the stripy bands seen within skeletal muscle under a microscope
Striations
Myofibril is made up of dark and light bands. What are the names given to these dark and light bands?
Dark band = A-band
Light band = I-band
Which line is present in the middle of the A-band?
M line
Which line is present in the middle of the I-band?
Z line
Fast twitch muscles can be further divided into two sub-categories, what are they?
Fast twitch oxidative muscles and fast twitch glycolytic muscles
Which sports are fast twitch oxidative muscle fibres best for?
Mid-range sports such as1500m
Which sports are fast twitch glycolytic muscle fibres best for?
Sprinting, short burst sports
What type of exercise are slow twitch muscles designed for?
Aerobic exercise
What type of exercise are fast twitch muscles designed for?
Anaerobic exercise
In which type of muscle fibre is the speed of contraction slowest?
Slow twitch
In which type of muscle fibre is the speed of contraction highest?
Fast glycolytic twitch
Describe the characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibres
Less sarcoplasmic reticulum (specialised ER)
More mitochondria
More myoglobin
A dense capillary network
Describe the characteristics of fast oxidative muscle fibres
Similar to slow twitch with many mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries
Hydrolyse ATP faster to contract more quickly
Describe the characteristics of fast glycolytic twitch muscle fibres
Few mitochondria and capillaries
Less myoglobin
Large concentration of glycogen for anaerobic respiration
The small gap in between the axon terminal of one neurone and the dendrite of the next neurone
Define the term 'action potential
The impulse passed along the axon
Define the term 'resting potential
When the neurone is not transmitting an action potential. During this time the K+/Na+ pump is at work
What are the 5 sensory receptors?
Touch, taste, smell, hearing, sight
Describe the myelin sheath
A thick insulating layer around the axon
Describe the dendrites
Highly branched fibres that conduct impulses
Describe the axon
A long single fibre that carries nerve impulses
Describe the Schwann Cell
A cell wrapped around the axon, forming the myelin sheath
Describe the nodes of Ranvier
Gap in the myelin sheath where the axon is exposed
Describe the differences between myelinated and non-myelinated cells
Myelinated cells are longer and can transmit impulses faster down the axon
Why do myelinated neurones transmit action potentials quicker than non- myelinated
Insulated by myelin sheath
Impulse 'jumps' from node to node (where the sodium gates are located)
