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BTEC Unit 4 Applied Science Questions And Answers /2025 What does the central nervous system consist of? brain and spinal cord Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary? Voluntary What does the autonomic nervous system consist of? sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
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What does the central nervous system consist of?
brain and spinal cord
Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary
What does the autonomic nervous system consist of?
sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
Reacts to threatening situations
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
Maintains normal physiological functioning
Examples of the sympathetic nervous system
Increased heart rate, dilated pupils
examples of parasympathetic nervous system
Decreasing heart rate, stimulation the digestive system
Functions of the frontal lobe
reasoning, planning, movement, emotions, problem-solving
Functions of the parietal lobe
movement, orientation, recognition
Function of the occipital lobe
visual processing
Functions of the temporal lobe
perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech
Functions of the brain stem
decreased vital capacity in breathing
Brain damage to the cerebellum
loss of the ability to walk, tremors and loss of ability to coordinate fine movements
Pivot joint
allows rotational movement along one plane
Ball and socket joint
allows movement in all directions along three planes
Hinge joints
allows movement on one axis along one plane
Glide joints
allows the bone to glide past one another in any direction along the plane of joint along three planes but limited
Sliding filament theory (1)
Myosin heads hydrolyse ATP and become re orientated and energised
Sliding filament theory (2)
Myosin heads bind to actin forming cross bridges
Sliding filament theory (3)
Myosin heads rotate towards the centre of the sarcomere
Sliding filament theory (4)
As myosin heads bind ATP the cross bridges detach from the actin
What is caused by a lack of acetylcholine?
Alzheimer's disease
Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease
memory loss, aggression, changes in behaviour, and walking about
What is caused by a lack of dopamine?
Parkinson's disease
How do treatments for depression work?
Antidepressants work by increasing levels of serotonin in the brain.
What are drugs effect on the synapse?
How is the articular joint adapted for movement?
Helps allow for smooth pain free movement, absorbs impact, reduces friction
How is a synovial membrane and joint cavity adapted for movement?
Holds the synovial fluid which provides the lubricant for the joint to move smoothly and pain free
Are fast-twitch muscles fibres white or red?
White
Fast-Twitch muscles fibres
Are slow-twitch muscle fibres red or white?
Red
Slow-twitch muscle fibres
The synapse (1)
The action potential arrives at the presynaptic neurone causing ca++ channels to open. ca++ diffuse into the presynaptic knob
The synapse (2)
This causes vesicles containing neurotransmitter to fuse with the presynaptic membrane releasing the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft
Action potential (2)
This causes a brief localised reversal of charge from -65mv to 40mv. Once the action potential has reached 40mv the na+ channels close
Action potential (3)
k+ channels begin to open and k+ diffuse out. The outward diffusion of k+ causes a temporary overshoot (hyper polarisation)
Action potential (4)
Closeable k+ gates now close and the action of na+/k+ pump reastablishes resting potential (repolarised)
Muscle fibres and exercise
No matter how much of one type of exercise you do, you cannot change your predominantly slow-twitch muscles to become fast twitch. Through specific types of training you can change the proportion of each type of muscle
Positives of creatine supplements
Improve strength, increase lean muscles mass, help muscles recover more quickly during exercise. This muscular boost helps athletes achieve bursts of speed and energy, especially during short bouts of high intensity activities
Negatives of creatine supplements
There is no evidence that creatine helps with endurance sports and some people who use it see no benefits
Role of ca++ in muscle contraction (1)
Tropomyosin in the actin filaments prevents myosin heads from attaching to actin by blocking the binding sites
Role of ca++ in muscle contraction (2)
Action potential cause ca++ to be released
Role of ca++ in muscle contraction (3)
ca++ bind with the troponin in the actin filaments causing tropomyosin to change shape and unblock the binding sites
Role of ca++ in muscle contraction (4)
When action potentials stop arriving the ca++ are actively transported out of the sarcoplasm and the muscle stops contracting
What is a joint capsule?
A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane
What does the bursa do?
Reduces friction between the tendons and bones
What does the articular cartilage do?
Absorbs shock and allows friction free movement
What does the ligament do?
Connects bone to bone and establishes joints during movement
What type of reaction is digestion?
hydrolysis
What term describes the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used?
Assimilation
What type of acid is found in the stomach?
hydrochloric acid
Which 2 nutrients are absorbed by co-transport?
Glucose and amino acids
Which organ produces bile?
Liver
Where is bile stored?
Gall bladder
What nutrient are you deficient in if you have swollen, bleeding gums?
vitamin C
What hormone is produced by the stomach?
Gastrin
What type of enzyme digests carbohydrates?
Carbohydrase
Ester
Enzyme involved in carbohydrate digestion
Carbohydrase
Enzyme involved in protein digestion
Proteases
Enzyme involved in lipid digestion
Lipase
carbohydrate product
Monosaccharides
protein product
amino acids
lipid product
glycerol and fatty acids
Carbohydrate site of digestion
Mouth and small intestine
protein site of digestion
stomach and small intestine
lipid site of digestion
small intestine
Action of bonds broken
Hydrolysis
Action of bonds made during assimilation
Condensation
Villi increase the _ _ for diffusion
Surface area
Sodium ions diffuse into the epithelial cells down this concentration gradient through a different type of protein carrier (co transport protein) in the cell surface membrane
Process of co-transport 4
As sodium ions diffuse in through this second carrier protein, they carry either amino acid molecules or glucose molecules into the cell with them
Process of co-transport 5
The glucose/amino acids pass into the blood plasma by facilitated diffusion using another type of carrier
State 4 functions of the skeleton
Support, protection, movement and blood cell production
Where are blood cells made?
Bone marrow
In which part of the skeleton is the skull?
Axial skeleton
What term means the breaking down of old bone?
Resorption
what term means the formation of new bone?
Ossification
what 2 processes are involved in bone remodelling?
Resorption and ossification
Name 4 types of synovial joints
Gliding, hinge, ball and socket, pivot
What joins bone to muscle?
tendons
what joins bone to bone?
ligaments
What is the function of the cartilage?
