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C273 Intro to SociologyQuestions and
Correct Answers
What is a hypothesis?
a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more concepts
Which of the following statements best describes the sociological imagination
It looks at personal issues from a wider, more general perspective
What is sociology?
the academic study of social behavior
What is the first step of the sociological research process?
Ask a question
What is a theory?
set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and
sometimes predict social events
Which of the following is not a major sociological perspective?
Drive perspective
What is the difference between correlation and causation?
Correlation means two variables are related, while causation means that one variable
causes the other.
Who introduced the idea of double consciousness?
W.E.B. DuBois
What is the research method called when a person observes and records in-depth
detailed information about a group of people?
Ethnography
Sociological Imagination (C. Wright Mills)
the vivid awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider
society. Or the Term coined by C. Wright Mills to describe a way of understanding the
world that involves thinking about things from different perspectives and putting
personal circumstances into a wider context.
The main objective of this course is to expand your sociological imagination or to
what?
help you see the larger social forces at work in all of our lives.
Sociology
Sociology*
can best be summed up as the systematic study of social life and human
society
Sociologists study individual behavior in order to find what?
General patterns
Sociologists do study how people think and feel about the world around them, the
culture of groups, and the allocation of resources. However, what sets sociology apart
from other disciplines is that it focuses primarily on external factors that shape
individuals (unlike psychology), industrialized societies, rather than pre-industrial or
developing societies (as anthropology does), and multiple social institutions, such as the
economy, religious organizations, and the government (unlike economics).
What sets sociology apart from other disciplines?
While psychology might consider whether stress leads people to smoke at a higher rate,
sociology would most likely ask what?
how the prevalence of smoking in a peer group affects the decision to start smoking.
Correct
. Sociologists study the social forces
surrounding an individual.
The term "sociology" was first used by
Auguste Comte when he proposed a science that would unite everything we know
about human beings.
Sociology as a science emerged in the what century
19th
Who was August Comte
Sociology was born with the Industrial Revolution. In the 19th centuries, things were
changing rapidly, people were flocking to the cities, cities were growing exponentially,
there was a lot of overcrowding, there was no indoor plumbing. And so this was very
chaotic and Sociology was born during this time because a man named August Comte
looked out his window and he decided that he should try to make sense of what was
going on. Most philosophers were busy describing society and he really wanted to
understand it, like why is this going on? How can we help and direct what's going on
here? Comte was heavily influenced by physics so he thought we could take the rules of
the natural sciences and apply them to society. In any event he coined the term
sociology, before that the word did not exist, and he said that you should study social
dynamics, which is how societies change, and you should also study social statics,
which is how societies stay the same. He is given credit for being the founder of
sociology because he coined our term and gave us a label and he gave us a focus.
Other than that, Comte didn't really do sociology per say, but he is known as getting the
ball rolling for us.
Positivism (Auguste Comte)
Philosophical system created by August Comte that applies scientific standards to the
study of society. Positivism maintains the only truths are those that can be concluded by
direct observation or by experimentation.
Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)
Studied social behavior in Britain and U.S.
Emphasized impact of economy, law, trade, health, and population on social problems
(long answer :) Harriet Martineau (1802-1876), who is credited with bringing sociology
to England thanks to her translations of Auguste Comte's works, pushed for the analysis
and understanding of all aspects of a society. She especially highlighted such issues as
women's lives, marriage, children, domestic and religious life, and race relations, which
rights. She was a proponent of sympathetic knowledge, which is knowledge that is
gained from interacting directly with those groups being studied, such as by living or
working among them. Addams helped found the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
and was a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.
Max Weber (1864-1920)
Max Weber (1864-1920), another highly influential sociologist, accepted some of Marx's
ideas but disagreed with others. Rejecting the materialist conception of history, he
believed that the rationalization of social and economic life was the primary force of
modern development—far more so than class conflict. Rationalization* is replacing
traditional or emotional motives for social action with rational ones, that is the desire to
increase production or lower costs. This replacement leads to more efficient social
institutions. Weber compared Western society with other societies (such as China and
India) and attributed the vastly different developments to cultural and religious
differences, pointing to Christianity as a major reason for capitalism's success in the
Western world.
W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)
W.E.B. DuBois
W.E.B. DuBois (PD).
The first African-American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University, W.E.B. DuBois
(1868-1963) focused on individuals' social identities, particularly within the context of the
experiences of African Americans. He coined the term double consciousness*, which he
defines as a feeling of twoness in which one's identity is fragmented. He further
elaborates that it is "this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of
others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt
and pity" (DuBois, 1903). This double consciousness is especially present in African
Americans, whose identity is split between being an American citizen and being a Black
who carries the weight of his or her historic oppression.
Comte
father of sociology
Martineau
the person who brought sociology to England and furthered it by focusing on issues in
the domestic sphere
Marx
a central figure in sociology who pioneered the conflict approach to sociology which
understands social groups as competing with one another
Spencer
a hands-off theorist who applied Darwin's theory of social evolution to society
Durkeheim
a key figure who advocated studying social facts the way scientists study physical facts
Adaams
an activist who promoted sympathetic knowledge, knowledge that comes from
identifying with others
Weber
a key figure who studied modernization in society, the movement from traditional to
capitalist societies
Dubois
'double-consciousness,' for du Bois, focuses on a feeling of 'twoness' where the
experience of one's identity is fragmented into several contradictory facets; in this case,
it is the identities of African Americans being Black and being American
stratified
multiple layers--family unit such as in Africa where men eat meat and most nutritious
food first, then women, then children last. Thus the malnutrition in children is high.
Functionalist Perspective
A sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are
structured to maintain its stability.
conflict perspective
A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms
of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources, including housing,
money, access to services, and political representation.
symbolic interactionist perspective
the sociological approach that views society as the sum of the interactions of individuals
and groups
Name the theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism
theoretical perspective
a set of assumptions about an area of study accepted as true
Theory
refers to a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and
sometimes predict social events.
More on the 3 Traditional approaches for sociology
There are three traditional approaches that sociologists use to understand society,
which come out of the work of early practitioners. Some sociologists view society as a
larger "whole," like a body, and understand groups and institutions within society as
"parts" that need to work together in order to succeed, as did Durkheim. Others believe
that society is always in conflict, with groups competing for scarce resources, as did
Marx. Still others are most concerned with the everyday, routine interactions between
individuals. These three classic perspectives are known as functionalism, the conflict
perspective, and symbolic interactionism (respectively), and they provide a framework
for understanding contemporary sociological research.
Feminism
the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men
intersectionality theory
a perspective that highlights the connections and interactions between various forms of
inequality, especially race, class, and gender
Postmodernism
the belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress
manifest functions
stated, intended consequences of an institution, action, or social group
latent functions
unconscious or unrecognized consequences of the same institution, action, or social
group
Summary of lesson 3. 4 Major perspectives in Sociology.
A method in which researchers collect data at a particular site that is not manipulated by
the researcher. Field research can draw on either direct observation* , where the
researcher simply observes, or participant observation* , where the researcher both
observes and joins in the activities.
Experiment research
A method for testing a hypothesis under highly controlled conditions. In an experiment,
there is often a division of test subjects into two groups: an experimental group* , a
group that is subjected to the element being tested and a control group* , which is not
subjected to the element being tested. The results from these two groups can be
compared to determine the effect of what is being tested.
Survey research
A study in which a selected group of subjects responds to questionnaires that are
standard across all participants. Surveys provide information about how people think
and act.
example: the Gallup poll
Name the steps in the research process
- Ask a question
- Background research
- Construct hypothesis
- Collect Data
- Analyze Data
- Report Results
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
An Institutional Review Board is a committee associated with a university or other entity
that is charged with ensuring research is ethical.
Tuskgee Syphilis Study
was an infamous study that left people known to suffer from a disease untreated.
Humphrey's Tearoom Trade Study
But almost all social scientists would identify Humphreys' research as unethical. As a
participant observer, he did not obtain the men's informed consent. He tracked them
down to their private residences and misrepresented himself in order to interview them.
He kept a list of names and addresses that could have been used to arrest the men as
criminals.
what does it mean for research results to be statistically significant?
It means the results have probably not occurred by chance.
Hawthorne Effect (Observation Bias)
the behavior of study participants is altered simply because they recognize that they are
being studied
How did Auguste Comte's original conception of sociology differ from previous studies
of society?
Comte applied scientific observations to the study of society in hopes of improving it
Ethnography
the systematic study of people and cultures. where the researcher observes the people
or society being studied from the point of view of the subject being studied.
direct observation
A type of field research in which the researcher observes what is being studied.
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
symbols
Objects, words or actions that stand for something else
Bureaucracy
A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials
Mechanical Solidarity (Durkheim)
a type of solidarity stemming from the fact that people all did pretty much the same
kinds of work, including hunting, gathering, cooking. More important, people in this type
of solidarity have strong collective conscience.
social interactions
any kind of communication between people that is understood to have meaning
Correlation
The extent of degree of statistical association between two or more variables.
applied sociology
The term that describes professionals who use sociological theories and methods
outside of academic settings in order to produce social change
Organic Solidarity (Durkheim)
Durkheim's explanation for the way in modern societies rely on differentiation to form
social bonds. Different parts of society function as a whole much like an organism.
manifest function
The stated intended consequences of an institution, action or social group
Sociological Imagination (C. Wright Mills)
the term coined by C. Wright Mills to describe a way of understanding the world that
involves thinking about things from different perspectives and putting personal
circumstances into a wider context.
Bias
prejudice
operational definition
It makes a hypothesis about a characteristic testable.
sociology
the study of human society
latent function
The unconscious or unrecognized consequences of an action within the framework of a
social group.
causation
A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another
variable.
George Herbert Mead
Developed Symbolic Interactionism. Believed development of individual was a social
process as were the meanings individuals assigned to things
A researcher tests a sample of elementary school children in the United States on their
reading abilities and also counts the number of books in their homes. He finds that
those children who have books in their home have better reading skills. What is this an
example of?
Correlation
ethnic groups
groups of people with a shared heritage; religious groups; political groups; and
institutions.
Key concepts in unit 2 lesson 2
Culture is a society's beliefs, ideals, artistic expression, and patterns of behavior.
Enculturation is the process by which a person becomes integrated into a culture.
Subcultures are groups which share distinctive attitudes and behaviors that set them
apart from the dominant culture.
Ethnic groups are groups of people with a shared heritage.
culturally learned behavior
Culture* is what channels the expression of these behaviors. For example, a child's
hunger drives her to eat, but culture guides her to eat with a fork.
concepts for 2:
Here is a list of the key concepts in this lesson:
Reflexes are actions that are adaptive for survival.
Instincts are innate physiological responses.
Drives are general responses directed towards survival, such as the desire to eat or
sleep.
Culturally learned behavior is behavior that is not primarily controlled by innate
responses such as reflexes, instincts, and drives.
A law is passed requiring that girls' sports be given the same resources as boys' sports.
This law leads to universities awarding valuable scholarships, which encourages
parents to invest in girls' sports. Stronger female athletes attract more viewers to
women's professional sports, which leads to a shift in how the culture views and values
women. What sociological concept is this an example of?
Holism
- What would a desire to eat be considered?
A drive, A generalized desire that's important for survival, such as the desire to
eat, sleep, or have sex, is considered a drive.
Counterculture
Countercultures* do not believe in or share in the dominant culture at all, but rather
they aspire to change it and replace it with what they believe in.
Subculture--know two examples
Move beyond memorizing definitions and expect to be able to apply concepts and
theories to examples. For each term, be sure that you can come up with one or two
examples. For example, a key concept in Unit 2 is “subculture.” Be sure to know that the
definition of a subculture is a group within a larger group which has distinctive attitudes
and behaviors. To further understand the meaning of a subculture, you will want to be
able to come up with some examples. Here are two good examples of subcultures:
country music fans; surfers.
socially constructed
Perceptions and practices that come out of interactions with a group
Culture as a process
Culture is a process in which groups of people negotiate what is acceptable for that
group; it is ongoing and always-changing. Individuals internalize cultural practices but
also change and transform those practices as a result of experience.
ethnic groups
groups of people with a shared heritage; religious groups; political groups; and
institutions. The big picture here is that culture always "belongs to" a set of people, and
all sorts of cohesive groups with important commonalities—and differences—can be
part of a larger culture.
Example of ethnic groups
people who identify as Mexican can have cultural roots in both the American Southwest
and in Mexico).
Lesson 5-3 key points
Culture is a society's beliefs, ideals, artistic expression, and patterns of behavior.
Enculturation is the process by which a person becomes integrated into a culture.
Subcultures are groups which share distinctive attitudes and behaviors that set them
apart from the dominant culture.
Ethnic groups are groups of people with a shared heritage.
Another example of subculture
Dedicated birdwatchers who often meet, share common goals, and use a specialized
language to talk about their goals. (Any group of people who identify strongly with each
other and have their own specialized language to talk about their experiences)
How does a sociologist view marriage?
Marriage provides a way of publicly signaling love and commitment but is always
changing
reflex
predetermined response
Instinct
complex behaviors that are preprogrammed
drives
biologically inherited impulses to reduce discomfort
culturally learned behavior
refers to actions that humans learn from the environment around them. Unlike most
species of animals, humans rely on culture rather than instincts to create a way of life
and ensure survival (
An example of an instinct from the quizzes
A gardner almost steps on a snake he knows to be harmless and screams
. What would a desire to eat be considered? (Drive, instinct or reflex?)
A drive
Which aspect of eating would a sociologist be most likely to study?
Whom a person chooses to eat with. ( Just because eating is a biological drive does
not mean that it doesn't have social significance. Sociologists would focus on
how eating was culturally meaningful.)
Countercultures
do not believe in or share in the dominant culture at all, but rather they aspire to change
it and replace it with what they believe in. For example, the "off-the-grid" movement
supports independence and sustainable living—encouraging people to generate their
own electricity, gather rainwater, grow their own food, and, in general, live very
differently from others in modern developed nations. This would be considered
countercultural in our society today
Out of all of the social norms, a taboo* is the strongest prohibition of an action. Taboos
are even more forbidden than mores. They include actions such as incest and
cannibalism. The word was first introduced into English by James Cook's voyage to the
Kingdom of Tonga in 1777, where inhabitants used the word to refer to practices that
were forbidden. He introduced the word and concept to Britain, from where it spread as
a way of understanding the values of other cultures.
examples of cultural norm vs cultural value
Voting is a cultural norm in America, and the belief in the power of voting is a cultural
value
Lesson summary 2/
Social norms are what forms of communication and behavior are expected within a
given culture.
Folkways are ways people do something, but adhering to or violating them does not
come with any serious sanctions.
Mores are social norms that govern what is considered to be right and wrong in a given
culture and are typically tied to morals. The violation of mores typically results in serious
consequences.
Taboos are actions that are completely forbidden.
Give an example of a folkway (from quiz)
Placing your napkin on your lap
How does cultural norms differ from mores?
Mores are norms; however, mores govern a society's notion of right and wrong.
Language as symbols
Language*
is a particularly complex set of symbols used to communicate. Like all other
aspects of culture, definitions are ever-evolving. For example, as technology affects the
nature of romantic and intimate relationships, new terms pop up to describe new
phenomena that result from these dating experiences. "Ghosting," for instance, has
been coined to describe the situation when one participant of a relationship ends the
relationship simply by disappearing and cutting off all contact
gestures
Sociologists categorize non-verbal gestures as symbols because of their social
meaning: when you look at two people holding hands, you think you know something
about their relationship. Our sense that holding hands is a "signal" points to its status as
a symbol.
Lesson 2/6 summary
Here is a list of the key concepts in this lesson:
We communicate ideas and information both verbally and non-verbally.
Sociologists point to the use of language, symbols, and gestures used to communicate
meaning in social interaction.
Language is used to communicate information verbally, with the use of words, while
gestures are used to communicate information non-verbally, with body language.
Symbols are objects, words, or actions used to represent something else.
The Gadsden flag originated as a symbol of American opposition to British oppression
in the Revolutionary War. It was later taken by the Tea Party movement to symbolize
government overreach. What does flying this flag do for the Tea Party?
The flag helps people inside the group feel an emotional identification with the
movement through an implicit connection to the American Revolution. ( The Tea Party
movement took a symbol from the American Revolution (like the name "Tea
Party" itself) and used it to help members feel a sense of patriotism from their
connection to the historical American value of fighting against government
overreach.)
How would a sociologist regard a print dictionary?
A sociologist would say that because language is always changing, the dictionary would
not have the most up-to-date information.
Cultural construction
Keep in mind that culture is a negotiated process that determines how a group thinks
about things and how (in general) it acts. Given this, and given the wide range of
cultures through time and across the world, it becomes clear that many of the values
and norms we hold dear are cultural constructions*
Cultural relativism
Cultural relativism* is the idea that no one culture is "right" or better than another
ethnocentric
The attitude or opinion that the norms, values and customs of one's own culture are
superior to those of other people's or the act of judging another group's heritage or
culture by the standards and values inherent in one's own culture. (This isn't necessarily
conscious—you don't have to brag about the superiority of your culture to be
ethnocentric. As previously discussed, culture is deeply embedded in human beings.
We come to see the world in a particular way, and it's difficult to see it otherwise.)
lesson 12 summary
The idea that our beliefs are cultural constructions.
People's cultural constructions work for their society but may not be shared by other
societies.
Most people are ethnocentric without realizing it since they rarely consider their own
ways of acting and beliefs.
Cultural relativism, the belief that no culture is better than others, can be a powerful
teaching tool.
Which is an example of ethnocentrism?
A shopkeeper is offended when a foreign tourist tries to negotiate a price in the store,
and the shopkeeper tells him to either buy the item or leave it.
What is cultural relativism?
The belief that the set of cultural practices and beliefs of one group is no better than
those of other groups
Subculture examples
Gamers, country music fans, hipsters, and bodybuilders are all examples of
subcultures.
Subcultures
Subcultures* exist within the larger culture of society as groups that share a distinct
pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differ from the dominant culture
argot
special words or phrases used by a specific group of people (or special language, to
describe aspects of the group and distinguish themselves from the surrounding culture.)
Which of the following is the best example of how globalization might impact the culture
in the United States?
A South Korean music video is widely seen in the United States. ( Globalization refers
to the spread of ideas across the globe, often through media)
Socialization
The process by which people learn who they are in relation to others and how they fit
into their society is known as socialization*. For most people, socialization begins at a
young age; as children, we learn about the social world around us and gradually
understand how we fit into that world. This module will describe how people internalize
socialization.
self
An individual's perception of their own identity
What is the difference between nature and nurture
Nature*
refers to a person's genetic and biological attributes, that is, to the traits that he
or she is born with. Nurture*
refers to the social environment and experiences a person
is exposed to, that is, how he or she is raised and the opportunities that he or she has
access to in life.
Give an example of nature vs nurture in a girl named Arlene.
Nature is responsible for Arlene's sex, skin color, and intellectual capacity; furthermore,
both of her parents are musicians, and so she may have been born with the potential for
musical talent. Nature thus provides her with the building blocks of the person she can
become, and these inborn traits will continue to influence her as she goes through life.
agents of socialization
people or groups that affect our development, self concept, attitudes, behaviors, or
other orientations toward life. ( Agents of socialization*
are people who help us form
our social identity, teach us about which groups we fit in with, and help us navigate
through our given social settings. Agents of socialization can be your parents and family
members, your peers, your classmates, your coworkers, and mass media.)
name some agents of socialization
family, peers, teachers, institutions, mass media
life course
Sociologists call this the life course* approach, one that focuses on the connection
among the roles, attitudes, and activities considered appropriate for a particular stage of
life, determined largely (though not exclusively) by age. We are socialized throughout
our lives into certain behaviors and attitudes that are considered appropriate, and these
change across time. A teenager does not talk the same way as an adult; a boy might be
considered the friend of a 7-year-old, but the boyfriend of the same person ten years
later.
Life Course Theory
According to Glen Elder, Jr.'s (n.d.) page, "Research," the life course theory has five
principles:
Life-Span Development : Human development and aging are lifelong processes.
Agency : Individuals construct their own lives through the choices and actions they take
within the opportunities and constraints of history and social circumstance.
Time and Place
: The life course of individuals is embedded and shaped by the
historical times and places they experience over their lifetime.
Timing : The developmental antecedents and consequences of life transitions, events,
and behavioral patterns vary according to their timing in a person's life.
Linked Lives : Lives are lived interdependently and socio-historical influences are
expressed through this network of shared relationships
In Western societies, we have four key stages of life: name them
childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.
liminal stage
People in between two stages of life (typically adolescents)
What is the difference between sex and gender
Sex*
refers to the biological characteristics that make someone male or
female. Gender* , on the other hand, refers to the culturally and socially constructed
differences between females and males. Sex is biologically determined; gender is what
our society deems appropriate for our sex.
intersex
a condition in which the individual has a mixture of male and female reproductive
structures, so that it is not clear at birth whether the individual is a male or a female
What are gender roles?
Generally speaking, they are duties and characteristics that people of a certain gender
are expected to carry out in a society.
Unit summary
Sex refers to biological features distinguishing male from female.
Gender refers to socially constructed meanings, beliefs, and practices used to separate
'masculinity' and 'femininity.'
Gender roles are the duties and characteristics socially assigned to each gender.
Gender marketing, designating certain products as only for one gender, socializes
children into their gender and reinforces gender stereotypes.
Candace West and Don Zimmerman's conception of "doing" gender conceives of
gender not as a static identity but rather as everyday interactions that evoke and
reinforce gender differences.
"two-spirit"
An umbrella term traditionally used by Native American people to recognize individuals
who possess qualities or fulfill roles of both genders
gender variant (transsexual)
Examples of people who fall under the gender-variant umbrella include tomboys* , drag
queens*
, and intersex*
people.
transgender
transgender* refers to an individual's actual gender identity if they identify as
something other than the sex they were assigned at birth. Transgender people include,
among many possibilities, biologically male people who identify as female, biologically
female people who identify as male
transsexual
transsexual* people who make the physical transition to the body they feel more
comfortable with (which can require expensive surgery and hormonal medication).
Name some gender identities
Cisgender
—someone whose gender identity matches the sex they were born with
Nonbinary —someone who sees themselves as neither masculine nor feminine
What did Margaret Mead's research on the gender roles of the Arapesh, the
Mundugumor (now called Biwat), and the Tchambuli (now called Chambri) suggest?
Gender roles are learned and not universal.
George Herbert Mead
George Herbert Mead first introduced the idea of role-taking in 1934. Mead's work
emphasized the importance of everyday social interactions when it came to
socialization—a view that is referred to as symbolic interactionism.
Mead divides the development of the self as a child into stages, based loosely on the
child's age (though there will always be exceptions and variations). wHAT ARE THE 3
STAGES?
These three stages are generally classified as the preparatory, play, and game phases
Preparatory Phase
Also known as the imitation phase, the preparatory*
phase is the first step in
socialization that we experience when we are very young. Mead theorized that infants
are the focus of their own world because they are not capable of understanding the
perspectives of others.
Play Phase
Children can enter the "play" phase as soon as they start recognizing other people as
distinct from themselves. Play*
refers to any activity that a child enjoys that lacks
structure or rules.
Game Phase
The key difference between "game" and "play" is the structure and organization of a
game. Games*
are played by following certain rules. Children who participate in games
tend to be a little older or more developed than those who just play since they can
understand rules and the importance of getting along with others in order to complete
the game. This is the final stage in Mead's development of the self.
Lesson Summary
Here is a list of the key concepts in this lesson:
The preparatory phase is when children learn by imitating what they see others do.
The play phase is when children engage in imaginative play, taking on the roles they
encounter in their society.
The game stage is when they understand rules and structure.
The "particular other" is a person or character that is personally important to a child from
whom they learn a role.
The 'me' is the objective part of the self, representing the internalization of the
generalized other; the 'I' is the response to the 'me.'
With which of the main schools of sociological thought do Mead's ideas about
socialization and role-taking most closely align?
Symbolic interactionism
What did Charles Horton Cooley (1902) develop?
The looking glass self
What are the 3 parts to the looking glass self?
We imagine how we appear to other people, we imagine how those other people will
judge us, we react to that hypothetical judgement with pride or shame
Lesson Summary
The stages of the looking-glass self are first to imagine how we appear to others,
second to imagine how they would judge us, and third to react to those judgments with
pride or shame.
Self-image is a temporary judgment about ourselves, depending on how those around
us are reacting to us. Self-concept is a more durable image of ourselves.
. Eli generally feels comfortable around new people and confident about navigating
social interactions. One day, he finds himself feeling insecure as he talks to some new
Chinese clients. He wonders if they understand his jokes or if he's doing something
culturally inappropriate.
What different versions of the self (respectively) is the scenario an example of?
Self-concept and self-image ( Self-image refers to a context-dependent version of a
self. Eli generally feels confident about meeting new people, so that would not be
an example of self-image.)
What is a good example of self-concept?
Felix knows he is a good student.
deviance
actions, behaviors, and traits that violate social norms
Primary groups
A group of people with whom an individual maintains close, personal relationships with,
such as friends and family
secondary groups
people with whom an individual shares a functional relationship, length is shorter and
around a common task
aggregates
people that come together for short periods of time without regularity and without
knowing each other. (The crowd will consist of a number of people who happen to be in
the same place at the same time)
category
In sociology people that share a trait or characteristic such as Americans of Irish
descent
Lesson summary-Groups
Groups provide a sense of security and belonging.
Groups teach us the rules of society.
Primary groups are those which create strong emotional bonds among members.
Secondary groups are ones created for functional reasons and usually create less
emotion among their members.
An aggregate is a group of people who are temporarily in the same place at the same
time.
A category is a group of people who share a characteristic.
In-groups
A group of people who a person feels like she belongs
Out-Groups
those groups to which an individual does not belong.
reference group
A group where an individual compares himself to (Reference groups often play a role in
shaping our tastes, preferences, aspirations. This experience can have positive effects;
