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C785 Readiness Exam questions
and answers already graded A+| Updated &
Verified |
The LEP gene codes for an anorexigenic hormone. Interestingly, breastfeeding has been shown to alter methylation of the promoter of this gene, leading to increased LEP expression. What is likely happening
in response to breastfeeding? - ✔✔Breastfeeding decreases the methylation of the promoter of the LEP gene, increasing the spacing between nucleosomes.
A patient with xeroderma pigmentosum is prone to developing multiple skin cancers starting in childhood. This occurs because of a mutation in a gene that codes for enzymes that help repair DNA damage through the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways. How does NER differ from other repair mechanisms? In NER: - ✔✔The error in one strand of DNA is removed as well as several nucleotides on either side of the error. The gap that was removed is filled in by DNA polymerase
Several components of cigarette smoke, including benzopyrene, insert themselves (intercalate) into the DNA and lead to several types of mutations such as frameshift mutations, including both insertions and deletion. Which of the following repair pathways would be used to repair this type of damage? -
✔✔Nucleotide excision repair is used to repair deletions, insertions, and helix-distorting lesions, such as thymine dimers
Interaction between the two amino acids shown below can help stabilize the structure of a protein.
What kind of interaction is this? - ✔✔Hydrophobic Interaction
Which of the following forces can lead to aggregation as a result of protein misfolding? - ✔✔Hydrophobic interactions
Which of the following statements about protein structure and stability is true? - ✔✔Ionic bonds between the side chains of the charged amino acids stabilize the protein structure
Primary structure consists of the order of in a protein. These are held together with bonds that are formed by a reaction. - ✔✔Amino acids, peptide, dehydration
What type of reaction breaks peptide bonds apart? - ✔✔Hydrolysis Reaction
A particular amino acid in a protein helps to stabilize the protein by forming disulfide bonds. What
amino acid is likely to form this type of bond? - ✔✔Cysteine
Aggregation of proteins is the main reason behind many neurodegenerative diseases. Which one of the following mutations will likely cause a neurodegenerative disease? - ✔✔Replacing a polar amino acid with a non polar amino acid
Chymotrypsin is a digestive enzyme that has optimal activity at a pH of 7.8 and a temperature of 37
degrees Celsius. Which of the following statements is true? - ✔✔The reaction rate for chymotrypsin at a pH of 9.5 is lower than the reaction rate for chymotrypsin at a pH of 7.8.
A patient presents with a fever of 110°F. Which interaction(s) would be disrupted within a neuronal
protein if the fever is not resolved quickly? - ✔✔Hydrophobic Interactions
A diabetic patient is suffering from ketoacidosis. Which interaction(s) could be disrupted within the
patientʼs hemoglobin due to this condition. Select all that apply. - ✔✔Hydrogen Bond Ionic Bonds
A particular amino acid in a protein helps to stabilize the protein by forming disulfide bonds. What
amino acid is likely to form this type of bond? - ✔✔Cysteine
Which pair of amino acids below can form an ionic bond? - ✔✔Option 3
Aggregation of proteins is the main reason behind many neurodegenerative diseases. Which one of the following mutations will likely cause a neurodegenerative disease? - ✔✔Replacing a polar amino acid with a non polar amino acid
Below is a picture of the hemoglobin dissociation curve at different pH levels. Which curve demonstrates the saturation of hemoglobin in the lungs? - ✔✔7.
The Bohr effect is a relationship between hemoglobin's oxygen binding behavior in conjunction with the pH of the surroundings. Which of the following statements describes hemoglobin at HIGH pH? -
✔✔When the pH is high, hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen and releases oxygen.
The product of a 4-step pathway accumulates and inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway. This is an
example of inhibition. - ✔✔Feedback
When inhibitor F is present, which best describes what will happen to enzyme 2? - ✔✔The inhibition of enzyme 2 will be relieved.
How do enzymes eliminate the need for high temperatures to complete a reaction? - ✔✔The need for high temperatures is eliminated by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction
How do enzymes increase the rate of a reaction? - ✔✔Decreasing the activation energy of a reaction.
Which of the following factors can affect the protein folding and activity of an enzyme? - ✔✔All of the options are correct
pH
Heat
Reducing agents
The enzyme Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine in the brain leading to neuron degeneration. Which of the following strategies represents the best way to increase acetylcholine
levels? - ✔✔Non-competitive inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
In the reaction provided below, glucose-6-phosphate accumulates in the cell and binds to hexokinase at a site that is distinct from the active site. This prevents hexokinase from binding to its substrate. What
type of inhibition is occurring in this example? - ✔✔Non competitive
In Chronic Mylogenous Leukemia (CML), a mutation results in the production of BCR-ABL, an enzyme that speeds up cell division using ATP as a substrate. The drug Gleevec, impairs the activity of the enzyme. Using the illustrations of the enzyme below, what best describes how the drug exerts its effect?
- ✔✔Gleevec is a competitive inhibitor and prevents ATP from binding with the active site of the enzyme.
What happens to the enzyme at the end of the cycle? - ✔✔The enzyme is used again. The enzyme will bind to a substrate.
The fatty acid CH3(CH2)4CH=CH(CH2)4COOH has been through one round of beta oxidation. What is the
structural formula for the remaining fatty acid? - ✔✔'CH3(CH2)4CH=CH(CH2)2COOH'
In the absence of oxygen in the exercising muscle, why does the amount of lactate in the blood change?
- ✔✔The amount of lactate increases because lactate produced in muscles anaerobically must travel to the liver.
How does the change in lactate concentration affect the pH of the blood in muscle tissue? - ✔✔An increase in lactate concentration causes the pH of the blood in muscle tissue to decrease.
Which of the following differentiates aerobic from anaerobic cellular metabolism? - ✔✔The utilization of O2 as an electron acceptor
How does glucagon increase blood glucose concentration? - ✔✔Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
Hemoglobin A1c (sometimes referred to simply as A1c) is a molecule measured for a laboratory test. It is used to confirm the diagnosis of diabetes and to assess a diabetic patient's level of disease control. How and why do advanced glycation end products (AGEs) form? - ✔✔High blood glucose causes glycation, a reaction where a covalent bond forms between a sugar molecule and a protein. Additional glycation reactions cross-link proteins together into AGEs, which can impair the function of the proteins and their associated organs.
A woman is about to begin her ascent of Mount Everest and is preparing for Day 1 of the climb. Approximately 6 hours before the hike begins, she and her climbing team eat a meal containing 80%
complex carbohydrates. What is the physiological benefit of this approach? - ✔✔Improving glycogen stores in liver and muscle
CH3(CH2)4CH=CH(CH2)6COOH is an example of which type of fatty acid? (check all that apply) - ✔✔Omega-6 fatty acid
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Saturated fatty acids have more than unsaturated fatty acids of the same length. -
✔✔Hydrogen atoms
Which lipid has a 4-ring structure? - ✔✔Sterol
Lipases are enzymes that break down triglycerides into and three free fatty acids. -
✔✔Glycerol
Contains a kink that makes packing difficult: - ✔✔Unsaturated fatty acid CIS
The cellular membrane consists of a lipid bilayer made up of. - ✔✔Phospholipids
Fatty acid chains can range anywhere from 4 to 36 carbons. When enzymes that are specific for breaking down a particular length of fatty acid chain are defective, fatal diseases occur. Which of the following
diseases is associated with failure to breakdown fatty acids? - ✔✔MCADD (Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency)
