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c785 study guide PA Questions and answers
already graded A+| Updated & Verified |
Complementary DNA and/or RNA molecules pair with each other by hydrogen bonding during replication, transcription, or translation. Which of the following pairs of molecules are complementary? (Select all that apply) - ✔✔tRNA and mRNA
mRNA and template DNA
During DNA replication the parent strands and DNA polymerase. - ✔✔separate, creates the new DNA strands
The following sequence is one strand of the DNA that makes up the SNCA gene that codes for alpha- synuclein, a protein found in the brain. 5' ATGCGGTGACGG 3' Which of the following is the complementary second DNA strand? - ✔✔5' CCGTCACCGCAT 3'
Assume you start with one copy of target DNA. How many copies of DNA will be made after 4 rounds of
PCR (assume 100% reaction efficiency)? - ✔✔ 16
What are the necessary ingredients for a PCR reaction? - ✔✔dNTPs; thermostable DNA polymerase; DNA primers; double-stranded DNA
A frameshift mutation changed this sequence 5' AAC GCT TAG 3' to which of the following? - ✔✔3' GAT TCG CA 5'
Which choice represents a silent mutation for this sequence: 5' GGU UGC ACU 3'? - ✔✔5' GGU UGC ACA 3'
Beta thalassemia is a disease that causes low levels of hemoglobin. To inherit this autosomal disease, an individual must receive two mutant alleles. Which of the following likely represents the chromosome pairs of a healthy parent who has a child with beta thalassemia? (The yellow band represents the mutant allele and the green band represents the normal allele.) * - ✔✔Option 3- The chromosomes of a healthy parent who has a child with beta thalassemia must be a carrier of the disease, i.e. the parent must have one copy of the (dominant) normal allele and one copy of the (recessive) mutant allele.
Your black dog and your friend's white dog have puppies. If inheritance of coat color is co-dominant, the coat color of the puppies will be , the color will be if incompletely
dominant, and it will be if it is complete dominant - ✔✔Black-and-white spotted, gray, black
Freidreich's ataxia is an autosomal recessive disorder that results from multiple GAA insertions into the FXN gene. Which of the following best illustrates the inheritance pattern of Freidreich's ataxia in a family
with the disease? - ✔✔None of these pedigrees are consistent with an autosomal recessive pattern.
The pedigree chart for Option 3 shows evidence of carriers, and both males and females have Friedrich's ataxia in this chart. These properties of the chart indicate that it is for an autosomal recessive disease.
Increased IGF2 expression is associated with many types of cancer. Studies have shown that when mothers take folic acid before conception, children have increased methylation of this gene. Which of
the following is the best explanation for how this increased methylation could be beneficial? - ✔✔The increased methylation decreases the space between nucleosomes, decreasing the expression of the IGF2 gene.
The protein alpha-synuclein contains two cysteine amino acids at positions 38 and 112, which form a disulfide bond with each other. Which level of protein structure does this disulfide bond help to
stabilize? - ✔✔Tertiary
The secondary level of protein structure is stabilized by which of the following? - ✔✔Hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and amino groups in the backbone of the protein
An inborn error of metabolism is caused when a metabolic enzyme, which normally contains an Asparagine at position 115, is mutated to Valine. Which amino acid below can replace Valine to restore
the function of the metabolic enzyme? - ✔✔Option 2-This amino acid R group of glutamine is similar in structure to asparagine and would be expected to restore the function of the enzyme.
Which statement describes a disease state caused by altered protein structure? - ✔✔A mutation in cyclin-dependent kinase results in cancer
An elderly patient is diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease. Which of the following is most likely the cause
this neurological disorder? - ✔✔Aggregation of hydrophobic amino acids
When a protein is denatured by heat, which of the following tertiary structure interactions/bonds is affected most? - ✔✔Hydrophobic Interactions
A toddler decides to have fun by pouring a bottle of lemon juice into your glass of milk. The lemon juice is significantly more acidic than the milk. Which interactions in the protein(s) of the milk will be
disrupted? Select all that apply. - ✔✔Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
In a common form of protein characterization known as gel electrophoresis, proteins are completely denatured before analysis. A reducing agent called dithiothreitol is often added during sample preparation. Which interaction(s) in the proteins of a sample will be disrupted by dithiothreitol? -
✔✔Disulfide bonds
Which of the following will be the most likely to be unaffected by protein denaturation? - ✔✔The sequence of amino acids in trypsin
Which of the following statements is true? - ✔✔Hemoglobin at pH 7.2 has a lower affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin at pH 7.6.
Which one of these statements about the similarities between hemoglobin and myoglobin is true? - ✔✔Both hemoglobin and myoglobin have similar secondary and tertiary structures.
In which of the following situations would the planar conformation of the heme group of hemoglobin be
favored? - ✔✔When the H+/proton concentration is low and hemoglobin is in the R-state.
Which of the following best describe the property of 'cooperativity'? - ✔✔O2 binding to hemoglobin and changing the shape of other heme groups in the protein
Which situation would induce the T state of hemoglobin? * - ✔✔High blood CO2 levels after working out.
Using the graph below, which of the following is true? * - ✔✔Low concentration of CO2 and low concentration of H+/protons will shift the curve to the left.
Which statement directly describes how enzymes speed up chemical reactions? - ✔✔Enzymes decrease the activation energy of the reaction.
Which of the following types of enzymes add a phosphate group from ATP to a molecule? - ✔✔Kinase
Alcohol dehydrogenase acts on ethanol and is inhibited by methanol. Based on the following structures, methanol causes which type of inhibition? - ✔✔Competitive inhibition
The phenomenon of an end-product inhibiting an enzyme responsible for an earlier reaction in the
pathway is called: - ✔✔feedback inhibition
Below is the enzymatic cycle. Which of the following steps best demonstrates where the enzymatic "induced-fit model" would occur? - ✔✔ 2
When an enzyme binds to its substrate, which of the following occurs first? - ✔✔The enzyme undergoes a conformational change to bind the substrate tightly.
What type of inhibition is illustrated in the figure below? The inhibitor is the orange molecule at the bottom of the enzyme. - ✔✔Noncompetitive inhibition
Which of the following is embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria? - ✔✔ATP synthase
Which of the following best describes a role for oxygen in aerobic metabolism? - ✔✔Oxygen is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain. When it accepts electrons, it picks up hydrogen as well, forming water.
Which of the following accurately relates the locations in the images to processes involved in aerobic
metabolism? - ✔✔A is the site of glycolysis, C is the site of the citric acid cycle, and B is the site where protons accumulate as a result of the electron transport chain.
- Which best describes the role of NADH in aerobic metabolism? * - ✔✔NADH is an electron shuttle and transports high energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
- When oxygen is not available, which of the following is true? - ✔✔Glycolysis would continue to function, while the citric acid cycle and the ETC would stop.
- Which part of the Cori Cycle is targeted by Metformin? - ✔✔The conversion of lactate to glucose.
Mutant huntingtin protein, present in patients with Huntington's disease, impairs metabolism, in part by reducing the activity of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme that is a key enzyme in
glycolysis. Which of the following is an expected consequence of this reduced activity? - ✔✔The activity of the citric acid cycle would increase.
rounds of beta oxidation are required to produce acetyl-CoA molecules by complete oxidation of this fatty acid: CH3(CH2)4CH=CH(CH2)8COOH. - ✔✔7, 8
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the fate of pyruvate? - ✔✔Pyruvate will be converted to acetyl CoA when oxygen is present, and it will be converted to lactic acid when oxygen is absent.
Eicosanoids are derived from essential fatty acids and can act as hormones. Which of the following
structures could represent the precursor to an eicosanoid? - ✔✔Option 1-arachidonic acid, which is made from essential fatty acids. Arachidonic acid is best recognized by its characteristic "hairpin" and polyunsaturated structure.
Which chemical formula represents the fatty acid structure below? -
✔✔CH3(CH2)4CH=CH(CH2)CH=CH(CH2)9COOH
Which pair of fatty acids are similar because they are both linear and can pack tightly? - ✔✔Trans- unsaturated, saturated
Which type of lipid contains a fatty acid? (Select all that apply) - ✔✔Eicosanoids
Phospholipids
Triglycerides
Fatty acids in the cell membranes of organisms can change depending on the temperature of the surrounding environment. If an organism that lives in a cold environment is transferred to a warm environment, what will happen to the fatty acids in the organism's cell membranes over time? -
✔✔They will increase in length and decrease in unsaturation.
Margarine is made from corn oil, yet margarine is solid at room temperature and the corn oil is a liquid
at room temperature. Why is this? - ✔✔Most of the fatty acids in corn oil contain cis double bonds and don't stack well together, decreasing the melting temperature and making corn oil liquid at room temperature
In type I diabetic patients, which of the following would you expect to see after a patient receives an
insulin injection? - ✔✔A decrease in beta-oxidation.
Ketoacidosis can occur in Type 2 diabetics. How might Metformin help alleviate this condition? - ✔✔Metformin inhibits gluconeogenesis, which prevents CAC intermediates from being siphoned off to make glucose; in this case, acetyl-CoA can be metabolized by the CAC rather than being used for ketogenesis.
