CAMS 101 Midterm Exam Review: Key Concepts in Child & Adolescent Mental Health | Exams Nursing

⪛⪴⪴⪷⪱⪘⪞⪴⪸εΘΙΙμλΜιΙππππ ιΤΜΜτλμτΧ⪛⪴⪴⪷⪱⪘⪞⪴⪸εΘΙΙμλΜιΙππππ ιΤΜΜτλμτΧ

CAMS 101 midterm exam with solutions

εΘΙΙμλΜιΙππππ ιΤΜΜτλμτΧ εΘΙΙμλΜιΙππππ ιΤΜΜτλμτΧ⪛⪴⪴⪷⪱⪘⪞⪴⪸ ⪛⪴⪴⪷⪱⪘⪞⪴⪸

multifinality - correct answer ✔multiple (various) outcomes stem from similar

beginnings (siblings are completely different, certain genes express themselves

more than others)

equifinality - correct answer ✔equal (same/similar) outcomes stem from

different early experiences

etiology - correct answer ✔cause

nosology - correct answer ✔classification system (ex: DSM)

Epidemiology - correct answer ✔tracks disease in population

prevalence: National Comorbidity Study of 2005 (Kessler et al) - correct answer

✔50% by age 14 & 75% by age 24 (illnesses are recognized to begin by this age)

prevalence - correct answer ✔commonness

most common causes of mortality in adolescence - correct answer ✔accidents,

suicide, homicide (actions led by emotions, behaviors, and thoughts)

health paradox of adolescence - correct answer ✔Adolescents are (for the most

part) in best health/shape of their life but even though you're much more

capable physically, you die at a higher rate, easier to get sick, drug overdose

⪛⪴⪴⪷⪱⪘⪞⪴⪸εΘΙΙμλΜιΙππππ ιΤΜΜτλμτΧ⪛⪴⪴⪷⪱⪘⪞⪴⪸εΘΙΙμλΜιΙππππ ιΤΜΜτλμτΧ

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CAMS 101 midterm exam with solutions

⪛⪴⪴⪷⪱⪘⪞⪴⪸ εΘΙΙμλΜιΙππππ ιΤΜΜτλμτΧ ⪛⪴⪴⪷⪱⪘⪞⪴⪸εΘΙΙμλΜιΙππππ ιΤΜΜτλμτΧ ⪛⪴⪴⪷⪱⪘⪞⪴⪸ εΘΙΙμλΜιΙππππ ιΤΜΜτλμτΧ ⪛⪴⪴⪷⪱⪘⪞⪴⪸εΘΙΙμλΜιΙππππ ιΤΜΜτλμτΧ ⪛⪴⪴⪷⪱⪘⪞⪴⪸ εΘΙΙμλΜιΙππππ ιΤΜΜτλμτΧ ⪛⪴⪴⪷⪱⪘⪞⪴⪸εΘΙΙμλΜιΙππππ ιΤΜΜτλμτΧ

multifinality - correct answer ✔multiple (various) outcomes stem from similar

beginnings (siblings are completely different, certain genes express themselves

more than others)

equifinality - correct answer ✔equal (same/similar) outcomes stem from

different early experiences

etiology - correct answer ✔cause

nosology - correct answer ✔classification system (ex: DSM)

Epidemiology - correct answer ✔tracks disease in population

prevalence: National Comorbidity Study of 2005 (Kessler et al) - correct answer

✔50% by age 14 & 75% by age 24 (illnesses are recognized to begin by this age)

prevalence - correct answer ✔commonness

most common causes of mortality in adolescence - correct answer ✔accidents,

suicide, homicide (actions led by emotions, behaviors, and thoughts)

health paradox of adolescence - correct answer ✔Adolescents are (for the most

part) in best health/shape of their life but even though you're much more

capable physically, you die at a higher rate, easier to get sick, drug overdose

Physically healthiest time or life

Idea that teens are remarkably healthy, best shape they'll ever been and yet

you die & get sick at 3x the rate (do to common cause)

adolescence is physically healthiest time of life yet overall morbidity and

morality rates increase by 200-300% between late childhood & adolescence

due to control of behavior

History of present illness - correct answer ✔story of the individual, what's going

on, why they're here

rule outs (PAM ATE A PEST)

patient's & parents description of current difficulties

recent stressers

review neurovegetative status (sleep, eating, energy, attention)

major diagnostic categories to consider - correct answer ✔PAM ATE A PEST:

psychosis (break w reality), anxiety disorder, mood disorder, ADHD,

tics/tourettes, externalizing disorders (ODD/OCD), pervasive developmental

disorder (autism spectrum disorder), eating disorder, self injurious behavior,

trauma

components of mental status exam - correct answer ✔general observations,

behavior, appearance, speech, mood, affect, perceptual disturbances, thought

processes, thought content, sensorium and cognition, judgement and insight,

reliability and impulse control (what's right in front of you at the moment)

key aspect of child's developmental history - correct answer ✔mother's fertility

complications with conception gestation & delivery

can support certain diagnosis

recommend specific accommodations

domains assessed w neuropsych testing - correct answer ✔IQ test, attention,

sensory motor, academics, executive functioning, motor tests (speech &

language)

IDEA - correct answer ✔(individuals with disabilities education act) free & public

education, IEP (individualized education plan), culturally free assessment

(without bias)

dyslexia - correct answer ✔speech & language disorder

oral readings characterized by distortions

substitutions or omissions

both oral & silent reading are slow w comprehension errors

specific learning disorder (SLD)

decoding - correct answer ✔sounding out pieces of words to form a word,

enables students to become proficient readers

sight words, phonemic awareness, reading rate & accuracy

tool that enables students to become proficient readers

learning disability - correct answer ✔average or above average IQ yet your

academic achievement is below what would be predicted given that score,

individually administered evaluation to make that diagnosis

not matter of intelligence just language processing

diagnosed when an individual's achievement on standardized tests is

substantially below that expected for age, schooling & level of intelligence

(substantially below is more than 2 standard deviations between achievement

& IQ)

diagnosis may be based on discrepancy between intellectual functioning &

academic functioning

executive functioning - correct answer ✔a set of processes that all have to do

with managing oneself and one's resources in order to achieve a goal

serve a "command & control" function

viewed as the "conductor" of all cognitive skills

a term for neurologically-based skills

List of executive functions

Inhibition, shift, emotional control, initiation, working memory,

planning/organizing, organization of materials, self-monitoring

factors that influence reading development - correct answer ✔decoding,

parents who read, fluency (smooth manner, quickly), exposure to reading

intellectual disability diagnostic categories - correct answer ✔mild (IQ 50-70)

(educable), moderate (35-55) (trainable), severe (20-40), profound (less than 20)

diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability - correct answer ✔IQ below 70 &

impairments in adaptive functioning (effective coping w common life demands,

ability to meet standards of independence) (assessment of cognitive functioning

(IQ) & adaptive functioning)

severity determined by adaptive functioning rather than IQ

based on tradition of Galen

disease is due to imbalance of humors (blood, fire, earth, water)

treatment: bleeding, purging, diuresis (urine), laxatives

psychiatrists used to be known as - correct answer ✔alienists

John Locke - correct answer ✔(1632-1704) English philosopher & physician

expressed that children should be raised w thought & care (rather than

indifference & harsh treatment)

believed in individual rights

emergence of social conscience

known for his idea of the mind as a tabula rasa

tabula rasa - correct answer ✔John Locke's idea that the environment

determines the person

Jean-Marc Itard - correct answer ✔(1775-1838) French physician who worked

with Victor (the Wild Boy of Aveyron) who was nonverbal, inattentive &

insensitive to basic sensations (hot & cold)

believed that environmental stimulation could "humanize" Victor

didn't work so realized there's a time when human brain expands when young,

windows of opportunity

Philippe Pinel - correct answer ✔(1745-1826) father of French psychiatry

discarded long held notion of mental illness being due to demoniacal possession

developed "moral treatment" & first efforts at psychotherapy

Benjamin Rush - correct answer ✔(1746-1813) father of American psychiatry,

physician, educator, writer, humanitarian

instituted reforms for care of mentally ill during 30 years of service as senior

physician at Pennsylvania Hospital

wrote first American textbook on psychiatry "Medical Inquires and

Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind"

Dorothea Dix - correct answer ✔(1802-1887) teacher & social reformer for

treatment of mentally ill

established 32 humane mental hospitals (for youth previously in jail)

Huntington's Disease - correct answer ✔brain mass deteriorates

theories of normal development - correct answer ✔drive theory, Freud

object relations, Mahler

psychosocial stages of development, Erikson

cognitive development, Piaget

behavioral theory, Pavlov, Watson & Skinner

attachment theory, Bowlby & Ainsworth

drive theory - correct answer ✔Freud

aggressive & sexual drives are primary motivating forces in quest for pleasure

end goal of developmental is sexual maturity

5 stages: oral, anal, phallic-oedipal, latency, puberty & adolescence

If you get stuck in a stage, you can't develop psychopathology

identity vs role diffusion, intimacy vs isolation

generativity vs stagnation

integrity vs despair

Anna Freud - correct answer ✔expanding Freud's ideas to children

Melanie Klein - correct answer ✔argued that children's play could be

interpreted in terms of unconscious fantasy

Anna Freud & Melanie Klein's work - correct answer ✔led to development of

child psychoanalysis & recognition of importance of nonverbal communication

cognitive development - correct answer ✔Piaget

infants are active participants in their own development & purposely act on

environment in increasingly complex ways

around age 15, people realize the world isn't all about them

4 major stages:

sensorimotor stage (reflexes of sucking and grasping lead to intentional

movement)

preoperational stage (symbols, mental representations, causality)

concrete operational stage (logic, classification, inference, conservation)

formal operational stage (metacognition, reasoning, abstraction)

behavioral theory - correct answer ✔Pavlov (classical conditioning) & Skinner

(operant conditioning)

forms foundations of current behavior/evidence-based therapies

concepts: classical conditioning (learned responses to stimuli)

operant conditioning (rewards & consequences)

contingency management, token economy

desensitization

exposure & response prevention

attachment theory - correct answer ✔theory that an infant needs at least 1

person that they can securely attach to in order for social & emotional

development to occur normally

infants become well-attached when adult figures are sensitive & responsive to

their needs, establishing "secure base"

John Bowlby, British psychiatrist studied kids orphaned by WWII

Mary Ainsworth initiated observational studies in 1960s & 70s & codified types

of attachment

possible infant situation: mom & baby playing, mom leaves & comes back

until 1960s, people believed ( ) responsible for kid's mental issues, ( ) changed

that - correct answer ✔parents, medications

kids got better w meds without changing family

risk factors - correct answer ✔variable that precedes a negative outcome &

increases the chance of that outcome occurring

examples for child mental illness: poverty (biggest factor), inconsistent care

giving, parental mental illness, death of a parent, homelessness, family break

up, early pregnancy, neonatal complications

reaching out

ingenuity (being clever)

sense of purpose

sex differences - correct answer ✔girls: more internalizing problems

(particularly when aging) such as anxiety, depression, somatization (symptoms

come out physically), withdrawal; place more blame on self, more guilt; talk

more & get more satisfaction "rush" from talking; more interested in faces;

brains mature 20% faster than boys till mid-teen years

boys: more externalizing problems (particularly when young) such as

aggression, delinquency & violence; use fewer words; release more

testosterone from 8 weeks in utero which leads to growth of amygdala where

threat's processed & aggressive drives are housed; more interested in objects

( ) get diagnosis of ADHD more often bc - correct answer ✔white kids bc latino &

black parents report fewer symptoms

why adolescent risk-taking behavior occurs - correct answer ✔change in motor

function, cognitive capabilities & emotions during adolescence

life doesn't seem so "easy" anymore, depression

rebel without a cause

high rates of risk taking behavior, sensation-seeking & erratic, emotionally

influenced behavior

dopamine levels highest so feels best now

increase in intimate relationships, unsupervised time, responsibility, academic

demands, negative life events, alone time, friction between expected & actual

life events, ability to abstract

pluralistic ignorance (it won't happen to me)

brain maturation is not yet complete, neurodevelopmental imbalance

evolutionary advantage

fear suppression

hormones & early puberty

peer effects

behavioral contributions (sleep & SUDS)

in adolescence there's a big increase in - correct answer ✔intimate relationships

and unsupervised time

maturation of brain neural tracks & networks - correct answer ✔striatum is

emotional brain which matures before thinking brain

We need emotional brain to come on early for evolution, in order to survive

prefrontal cortex is thinking brain which develops later (look at slide 90 & know

graph)

synaptic pruning - correct answer ✔Infants born w 2,400 synapses per neuron

By 3 there are 15,000 per neuron

Early ad. Brain loses as many as 30,000 synapses per sec

Replaces with white matter, makes nerves move 3x faster, connections between

brain increase, harder than gray matter so less flexible, we can do things better

as we age but harder to learn more

Frontal lobes "closed for construction"

the longer the adolescence or later you start puberty, the more flexible adult

you are

major change

diagnostic criteria provided

research based

introduced symptoms

new disorders first identified in child section, specified group of disorders as

"usually first evident in infancy, childhood or adolescence"

first child section

enhanced inter-rater reliability

word neurosis leaves in 1980 (neurosis used before as explanation for

everything that wasn't schizophrenia, depression), wasn't etiology in 1 or 2 just

fell back on neurosis as explanation

criticism of DSM III - correct answer ✔limited evidence of childhood diagnoses

atheoretical approach, completely based on what we see

benefits of DSM III - correct answer ✔increased diagnostic reliability

contributed to evidence-based research

medicine started getting more specific about what actually works

DSM IV - correct answer ✔(1994, R- 2000)

further clarified diagnoses

new diagnoses: ADD becomes ADHD, Asperger's

multiaxial system

DSM IV multiaxial system - correct answer ✔axis I: clinical mental disorders

axis II: personality disorders & mental retardation

axis III: major medical diagnoses

axis IV: psychosocial & environmental stressors

axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), numeric scale (0-100) used to

rate social, occupational & psychological functioning

DSM 5 - correct answer ✔(2013)

goal: to move away from categorical diagnoses & towards dimensional

diagnoses, spectrum

recognizes cross-over

organized developmentally

disorders clustered by internalizing & externalizing features

troubles w DSM 5 - correct answer ✔over-diagnosis & over-treatment may

follow

financial support of APA hinges on DSM

no outside review granted

Wilhelm Stern - correct answer ✔concept of "mental age" (mental age divided

by chronological)(x 100)

IQ bell curve - correct answer ✔100 is "average"

usual standard deviation is 15

Roughly 80% of population falls between 85-115 (average)

extremely low is below 70, very superior above 130

list of executive functions - correct answer ✔inhibition

shift

emotional control

initiation

working memory

planning/organization

organization of materials

self-monitoring

neuropsych reports - correct answer ✔background info

test results w selective description

Summary-why child is functioning the way they are

Recommendations (education placement, time accommodations, therapy)

left hemisphere - correct answer ✔dominant for speech

linear, sequential, time-oriented processing

analysis & processing of details

reading,writing, thinking, understanding, speaking

damage can cause speech & language problems, verbal memory loss, concrete

thinking, reading/writing/math disorders, poor complex motor movements

right hemisphere - correct answer ✔complex NONverbal material

processing/storage of visual, spatial, music info, geometrical patterns

synthesis & closure

damage can cause poor judgement, organization, processing of complex info,

inferential thinking, spatial organization, math, construction, insight

Broca - correct answer ✔(1861) identified area essential to motor expression in

speech, localized speech & suggested the importance of left hemisphere in

production of language

Wernicke - correct answer ✔(1873) identified area essential to the ability to

understand audible speech, localized comprehension and suggested the

importance of the left hemisphere in meaning of linguistic information

Broca identified area essential to the ( ). localized ( ) and suggested the

importance of the left hemisphere in the ( ) - correct answer ✔motor expression

in speech; speech; production of language

Wernicke identified area essential to the ( ). localized ( ) and suggested the

importance of the left hemisphere in the ( ) - correct answer ✔ability to

understand audible speech; comprehension; meaning of linguistic information

reading disorders are - correct answer ✔language based learning disorders

intellectual disability also called - correct answer ✔intellectual developmental

disorder

changed from mental retardation

most commonly associated Axis 1 disorders - correct answer ✔ADHD

mood disorders

CAMS 101 Midterm Exam Review: Key Concepts in Child & Adolescent Mental Health, Exams of Nursing

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Partial preview of the text

Download CAMS 101 Midterm Exam Review: Key Concepts in Child & Adolescent Mental Health and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

CAMS 101 midterm exam with solutions

multifinality - correct answer ✔multiple (various) outcomes stem from similar

beginnings (siblings are completely different, certain genes express themselves

more than others)

equifinality - correct answer ✔equal (same/similar) outcomes stem from

different early experiences

etiology - correct answer ✔cause

nosology - correct answer ✔classification system (ex: DSM)

Epidemiology - correct answer ✔tracks disease in population

prevalence: National Comorbidity Study of 2005 (Kessler et al) - correct answer

✔50% by age 14 & 75% by age 24 (illnesses are recognized to begin by this age)

prevalence - correct answer ✔commonness

most common causes of mortality in adolescence - correct answer ✔accidents,

suicide, homicide (actions led by emotions, behaviors, and thoughts)

health paradox of adolescence - correct answer ✔Adolescents are (for the most

part) in best health/shape of their life but even though you're much more

capable physically, you die at a higher rate, easier to get sick, drug overdose

Physically healthiest time or life

Idea that teens are remarkably healthy, best shape they'll ever been and yet

you die & get sick at 3x the rate (do to common cause)

adolescence is physically healthiest time of life yet overall morbidity and

morality rates increase by 200-300% between late childhood & adolescence

due to control of behavior

History of present illness - correct answer ✔story of the individual, what's going

on, why they're here

rule outs (PAM ATE A PEST)

patient's & parents description of current difficulties

recent stressers

review neurovegetative status (sleep, eating, energy, attention)

major diagnostic categories to consider - correct answer ✔PAM ATE A PEST:

psychosis (break w reality), anxiety disorder, mood disorder, ADHD,

tics/tourettes, externalizing disorders (ODD/OCD), pervasive developmental

disorder (autism spectrum disorder), eating disorder, self injurious behavior,

trauma

components of mental status exam - correct answer ✔general observations,

behavior, appearance, speech, mood, affect, perceptual disturbances, thought

processes, thought content, sensorium and cognition, judgement and insight,

reliability and impulse control (what's right in front of you at the moment)

key aspect of child's developmental history - correct answer ✔mother's fertility

complications with conception gestation & delivery

can support certain diagnosis

recommend specific accommodations

domains assessed w neuropsych testing - correct answer ✔IQ test, attention,

sensory motor, academics, executive functioning, motor tests (speech &

language)

IDEA - correct answer ✔(individuals with disabilities education act) free & public

education, IEP (individualized education plan), culturally free assessment

(without bias)

dyslexia - correct answer ✔speech & language disorder

oral readings characterized by distortions

substitutions or omissions

both oral & silent reading are slow w comprehension errors

specific learning disorder (SLD)

decoding - correct answer ✔sounding out pieces of words to form a word,

enables students to become proficient readers

sight words, phonemic awareness, reading rate & accuracy

tool that enables students to become proficient readers

learning disability - correct answer ✔average or above average IQ yet your

academic achievement is below what would be predicted given that score,

individually administered evaluation to make that diagnosis

not matter of intelligence just language processing

diagnosed when an individual's achievement on standardized tests is

substantially below that expected for age, schooling & level of intelligence

(substantially below is more than 2 standard deviations between achievement

& IQ)

diagnosis may be based on discrepancy between intellectual functioning &

academic functioning

executive functioning - correct answer ✔a set of processes that all have to do

with managing oneself and one's resources in order to achieve a goal

serve a "command & control" function

viewed as the "conductor" of all cognitive skills

a term for neurologically-based skills

List of executive functions

Inhibition, shift, emotional control, initiation, working memory,

planning/organizing, organization of materials, self-monitoring

factors that influence reading development - correct answer ✔decoding,