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Combustion ✔✔The chemical process of burning Combustion Chamber ✔✔An enclosed container in which fuel and air are burned for the production of energy Compression ✔✔The act of making a given volume of gas smaller Cycle ✔✔A recurring series of events; the airplane engine has four cycles, intake, compression, power, and exhaust Fuel ✔✔A chemical substance which is used as a source of energy; aircraft fuels include gasoline, kerosene, and propane Lean Mixture ✔✔A mixture of gasoline and air in which there is less fuel and more air Magneto ✔✔An electrical generator that produces power when rotated
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Combustion ✔✔The chemical process of burning
Combustion Chamber ✔✔An enclosed container in which fuel and air are burned for the production of energy
Compression ✔✔The act of making a given volume of gas smaller
Cycle ✔✔A recurring series of events; the airplane engine has four cycles, intake, compression, power, and exhaust
Fuel ✔✔A chemical substance which is used as a source of energy; aircraft fuels include gasoline, kerosene, and propane
Lean Mixture ✔✔A mixture of gasoline and air in which there is less fuel and more air
Magneto ✔✔An electrical generator that produces power when rotated
Meter/Metering ✔✔In terms of fuel for an engine, this is the process of allowing a precise amount of fuel to pass (Ex. A passageway that allows only so many molecules of gasoline to pass in a given unit of time)
Powerplant ✔✔A term which applies to the airplane engine and accessories
Reciprocating ✔✔A type of engine that processes air and fuel by a back and forth movement of its internal parts
Rich Mixture ✔✔A mixture of gasoline and air in which there is more gasoline and less air than needed for normal combustion
Stoichiometric ✔✔A ratio of fuel to air in which, upon combustion, all of the fuel is burned
Stroke ✔✔In the example of an airplane engine, it is the movement of the piston to its limits within the combustion chamber
ATC ✔✔Air Traffic Control
Heading ✔✔The direction that an airplane points with respect to true, or magnetic, north including any wing displacement; based on its longitudinal axis
Noise Abatement ✔✔A policy set forth by a governing body that controls the noise impact upon a community surrounding an airport
Ramp ✔✔The airport's "Parking Lot"
Runway ✔✔A dedicated pathway for taking off and landing airplanes
Runway Heading ✔✔A number labeling a runway, which is based on corresponding degrees from true, or magnetic, north
Segmented Circle ✔✔A set of indicators, usually surrounding an airport's wing sock, that provide traffic pattern information to a pilot in the air
Taxi ✔✔Ground movements of an airplane
Taxiway ✔✔A passageway between the parking area and the runways of an airport
Tetradhedron ✔✔A device that gives an indication of the landing direction at an airport
Traffic Pattern ✔✔A rectangular virtual path above an airport that facilitates the coordination of the flow of air traffic in the air
Uncontrolled Airport ✔✔An airport without an operating control tower
Wind Direction Indicators ✔✔Several types of devices that give a pilot an indication of wind direction
Wind Sock ✔✔A fabric tube that shows which direction the wind is from
Cartography ✔✔The air and science of creating charts and maps
Chart ✔✔A projection, usually on paper, showing a body of land and other features, such as water, that gives information, usually in the form of symbols, graphs, or illustations
Sectional ✔✔A chart specifically designed for aviation use and Visual Flight Rules, with the scale being 1:500,000 or approximately 8 statute miles to one inch
Scale ✔✔The size of an item, or area, on a chart, compared to it in acuality
Statute Mile ✔✔A unity of length that is 5,280 ft
Tick ✔✔A small, or abbreviated mark on a line
WAC ✔✔World Aeronautical Chart, which covers a much larger area than the sectional chart, the scale of the WAC being 1:1,000,000 or approximately 16 statute miles per inch
Apogee ✔✔The highest point of an orbit
COMSAT ✔✔Communications Satellite
GNSS ✔✔Global Navigation Satellite Systems, the term used for navigational satellites
GOES ✔✔Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
GPS ✔✔Global Positioning System, a navigational system used by all areas of society
ITSO ✔✔International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, the world's largest commercial satellite communications provider, now called INTELSAT
LANDSAT ✔✔Satellite that locates natural resources and monitors conditions on the Earth's surface
NAVSTAR GPS ✔✔As of 2010, the only fully-operational GNSS
Orbit ✔✔The path a satellite takes around a celestial body
Perigee ✔✔The lowest point of an orbit
Satellite ✔✔Natural or artificial object in space that orbits Earth
Mir ✔✔Russia's space station of the 1980s and 1990s
Salyut ✔✔Russia's first space station
Spacelab ✔✔European Space Agency's first space station
Absolute Zero ✔✔The point at which all molecules no longer move or have the least amount of energy, theoretically the absolute coldest temperature
Cislunar Spcae ✔✔The space between the Earth and the Moon
Galaxy ✔✔An enormous collection of starts arranged in a particular shape
Interplanetary Space ✔✔Space located within a solar system; measured from the center of the Sun to the orbit of its outermost planet
Interstellar Space ✔✔The region in space from one solar system to another
Kelvin ✔✔Unit of measurement based on absolute zero and commonly used by scientists to measure temperature
Microgravity ✔✔Small gravity levels or low gravity; floating condition
Space ✔✔Region beyond the Earth's atmosphere where there is very little molecular activity
Universe ✔✔All encompassing term that includes everything; planets, galaxies, animals, plants, and humans
Vacuum ✔✔Space that is empty or void of molecules
Van Allen belts ✔✔Radiation belts around the Earth filled with charged particles
Black Hole ✔✔A region in space where no radiation is emitted
Consetllation ✔✔A grouping of stars, named after mythical figures and animals
Meteor ✔✔A small streak of light; when a meteoroid enters the Earth's atmosphere it becomes a meteor
Meteorite ✔✔A meteor that enters Earth's atmosphere and actually hits Earth's surface
Meteoroid ✔✔Clump of dust or rock orbiting the Sun
Micrometeorite ✔✔Very small dust-sized bits of matter
Photosphere ✔✔Thin shell of the Sun's outer layer
Solar Flares ✔✔Short-lived high energy discharges from the Sun
Solar Prominences ✔✔Larger energy discharges from the Sun that can be thousands of miles high and last for months
Solar System ✔✔The Sun and the bodies that orbit around it
Sunspots ✔✔Darker, cooler areas of the Sun
Ionosphere ✔✔The region of the atmosphere where electrons are gained or lost
Lapse Rate ✔✔The rate of decrease with an increase in height for pressure and temperature
Mesosphere ✔✔A layer of the atmosphere extending from about 30 to 50 miles
Ozonosphere ✔✔A region of the atmosphere where ozone is created
Stratosphere ✔✔A layer of the atmosphere extending from the tropopause to about 30 miles
Thermosphere ✔✔A layer of the atmosphere extending from 50 to about 300 miles
Tropopause ✔✔Boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere
Prevailing Westerlies ✔✔Global winds that move toward the poles and appear to curve to the east
Radiation ✔✔The method by which the Sun heats the Earth
Revolution ✔✔The movement of the Earth revolving around the Sun; full revolution about every 365 days
Rotation ✔✔How the Earth turns on its axis at an angle of 23.5º while it revolves around the Sun; full rotation 24 hours
Summer Solstice ✔✔The longest day when the Sun is at its northernmost point from the equator in the Northern Hemisphere, usually on June 21st or 22nd
Trade Winds ✔✔A warm steady wind that blows toward the equator
Vernal Equinox ✔✔The time when the Sun's direct rays strike the equator resulting in day and night of equal length, usually on March 21st or 22nd
Winter Solstice ✔✔The shortest day when the Sun is the farthest south of the equator and the Northern Hemisphere, usually on December 21st or 22nd
Advection ✔✔Lateral transfer of heat
Atmospheric Pressure ✔✔The weight of all the atmosphere's gases and molecules on the Earth's surface
Beaufort Scale ✔✔A scale for estimating wind speed on land or sea
Conduction ✔✔Heating by direct contact
Convection ✔✔Heat transferred by vertical motion
Heat ✔✔The total energy of all molecules within a substance
Microburst ✔✔A downdraft or down burst phenomenon that creates unstable air and thunderstorm turbulence
Precipitation ✔✔General term given to various types of condensed water vapor
Relative Humidity ✔✔Amount of water vapor in the air compared to its water water vapor capacity at a given temperature
Saturation ✔✔The condition of parcel of air golding as much water vapor as it can at the air temperature at that time
Water Cycle ✔✔Continuous movement of water as it circulates between the Earth and its atmosphere
Aero ✔✔Pertaining to air
Aerodynamics ✔✔Relating to the forces of air in motion
Aerospace ✔✔A combination of aeronautics and space
Air ✔✔A mixture of gases that contains approximately 78% nitrogen, 21 oxygen, 1% other
Aircraft ✔✔Any machine that is capable of flying through the air; included are ultralights, airplanes, gliders, balloons, helicopters, and parasails
Airplane ✔✔An aircraft that is kept aloft by the aerodynamic forces upon its wings and is thrust forward by a means of propulsion
Airfoil ✔✔A component, such as a wing, that is specifically designed to produce life, thrust, or directional stability.
Airport ✔✔A place on either land or water where aircraft can land and take off for flight
Altitude ✔✔Height above sea level or ground level expressed in units
Aviation ✔✔The art, science, and technology of flight within the atmosphere
Aviator ✔✔A person who operates an aircraft in flight