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CARD BCAT EXAM Question And
Answers Best Study Guide
Forward Chaining - ✔Begin With The First SD- Response Component In The Chain And Then Continue Forward Through The Remaining SD-Response Components. Example: Teaching A Child To Brush Their Teeth From The Beginning Of The Task With The SD "Brush Your Teeth" The Child Gets The Tooth Brush, Turns On The Cold Water, Puts The Toothbrush Under The Water... Eventually Then Gets Towel, Wipes Mouth And Hands And Hangs Towel Up. The Reinforcer Will Be AFTER THE TARGET STEP And The Therapist Will Continue To Guide The Child Through The Rest Of The Chain. Discrimination Training - ✔The Process Of Reinforcing A Target Response Only When The Target Antecedent Or SD Is Present. Teaching The Client To "Tell The Difference Between Two Or More Sds." Examples: Teaching The Child To Be Able To Tell The Difference Between Their Mom And Dad In Pictures With Saying "Touch Mom" Or "Touch Dad" And The Child Responds Correctly. When Holding Up An Apple Teaching The Child To Answer The Different Questions Of "What Is It?" "What Do You Do With It?" And "What Color Is It?" Using Only The Apple As The Stimulus. Simultaneous Discrimination Training - ✔When Multiple Objects Are Placed In Front Of The Child And They Are Asked To Touch, Point Or Pick Up The Item.
- This Type Has A Visual Field And Most Likely Involves Using A Table And Chair Or Sitting On The Floor
- Uses 7 Step And The 4 Step Sequence Of Teaching (Refer To Initial Training Notes)
- Examples Of Sds That Use This Method: "Touch (Color)", "Give Me The (Object)" "Point To The (Item)" Successive Discrimination Training - ✔When The Target And The Distractors Cannot Be Presented Simultaneously. The Target And The Distractor Occur Across Successive Trials
- This Type Has NO Visual Field Of Stimuli.
- Uses 3 Step And The 2 Step Sequence Of Teaching (Refer To Initial Training Notes)
- Examples Of Sds That Use This Method: Telling The Client To Do An Action Like "Jump." (They Cant Do Anything Else At The Same Time) Asking The Client A Question Like "What Is Your Name?" (They Cannot Answer Anything Else At The Same Time) Expanded Trials - ✔Systematically Increasing The Time In Between Presentation Of The Target Sd By Gradually Increasing The Number Of Trials Of Previously Mastered Targets. The Formula Is As Follows: Txdtxdtxdtxd, Txddtxddtxddtx, Txdddtxdddtxdddtx Example: Target Item: Shoe Mastered Items: Cup And Dog For The TX Above Insert "Shoe" For The D Above Insert "Cup" Or "Dog" Graduate Random Rotation - ✔Systematically Introducing Mastered Items (One At A Time) Into Random Rotation With The Target Item. The Formula Is As Follows: RR1: RR TX With 1 Previously Mastered, RR 2: RR TX With 2 Previously Mastered Items, RR 3: RR With 3 Previously Mastered Items
- Example: Target Item: Shoe Previously Mastered Items: Cup, Diaper And Dog For The TX Above Insert "Shoe" For Previously Mastered Items Above Insert "Cup" "Diaper" Or "Dog" Discrete Trial Training (DTT) - ✔A Specific Method Of Teaching In Which A Task Is Isolated And Taught Across Multiple Trials. A Specific Opportunity Is Presented And A Specific Response From The Learner Is Expected. A Consequence Follow The Learner's Response. DTT Is Used Because It Allows:
- For Repetition
- The Learner To Know What Is Expected
- The Learner Access To Reinforcement
- For Easy Data Collection Natural Environment Training (NET) - ✔Explanation: NET Describes Teaching Procedures That Can Be Used To Teach Clients Diagnosed With Autism In Their Natural Environment. It Involves Situations And Items That The Client Would Be Already Be Interacting With To Teach Relevant Skills. Motivation Is Capitalized On During NET. Child Directed Learning.
Premack Principle - ✔When A Highly Preferred Activity Can Be Used To Reinforce A Low Preferred Activity. Examples: 1) If You Clean Your Bedroom, You Can Go To The Mall. 2) We Can Play Ball If You Finish Washing The Dishes. Preference Assessments - ✔Offering Clients Free Access To Potentially Reinforcing Objects To Observe To See If They Can Be Used As Reinforcer In The Future. Can Be Structured And Formal Or Informal. They Should Be Conducted Frequently Examples: 1) Placing Several Toys/"Fun" Objects In Front Of The Client And Seeing What They Choose First To Play With. 2) Asking A Client What Can Speak "What Do You Want To Work For?" Prompt - ✔Any Additional Stimulus Added To An SD In Order To Assist The Client In Responding Correctly. Examples: 1)When Delivering The Instruction "Touch Car" The Therapist Takes The Client's Hand And Puts It On The Car(Physical Prompt). 2) When Asking A Client "What Did You Do Today?" And Showing Him Pictures Of The Activities He Engaged In Throughout The Day To Help Him Remember (Visual Prompt). Errorless Learning - ✔Involves Early And Immediate Prompting Of The Target Response So That The Learner's Response Is Sure To Be Correct. Used When The Client Is Learning A New Task And Is Scoring 0-79% Independently. Example: When Mass Trialing "Touch Red" And The Client Has Not Been Exposed To The Color Swatch Before, The Therapist Uses A Physical Prompt Paired With The Instruction To Ensure The Client Has Success. Not Allowing The Client To Error At All. Types Of Common Prompts - ✔Physical Gestural Modeling Textual Proximity Echoic Directive Stimulus Manipulation Voice Inflection Leading Questions/Statements
Acting Confused Rephrasing The Question Choices Experiential Role Play Model And Observe Prime/Rule Governed Most-To-Least Prompting - ✔Fading From One Type Of Prompt To Another Less Intrusive Prompt. Most Assistance To Least Assistance. Used When Teaching A New Skill. Examples: Sally Needs A Full Physical Prompt To Stand Up When Told To "Stand Up" Over Several Trials The Therapist Begins To Feel Sally Move On Her Own When Telling Her To "Stand Up" While Using A Full Physical Prompt. The Therapist Then Changes Her Prompt To Partial Physical Prompt And Then To A Gestural Prompt And Sally Remains Successful. Least-To-Most Prompting - ✔Starting With A Least Intrusive Prompt Possible And The Client Is Not Successful, Therefore Having To Move To More Intrusive Prompts Until The Client Responds. Used After A Client Has Learned The Skill. Example: Johnny Has Been Taught To Tie His Shoe Independently. He Is Having Difficulty And Is Erroring When The Therapist Tells Him To "Tie His Shoe." The Therapist Tells Him What To Do "Take The Left Lace And Wrap It Round The Right Lace", Johnny Is Still Unsuccessful, The Therapist Then Models What To Do, Johnny Still Is Not Understanding. The Therapist Then Uses A Partial Physical Prompt To Get Johnny To Be Able To Tie His Shoe. Time Delay Prompt - ✔The Transfer Of Stimulus Control From The Prompt To The Target SD By Increasing The Elapsed Time Between The Presentation Of The Target SD And The Prompts Across Trials. Example: Marc Is Learning To Receptively Identify Shapes. The Therapist States 'Touch Circle" With An Immediate Gesture Prompt Of Touching The Circle. After Several Trials Where Marc Has Been Successful The Therapist Says "Touch Circle And Waits 2 Seconds Marc Does Not Respond, The Therapist Then Points To The Circle. The Therapist Then Waits 4 Seconds After The Presentation Of The SD Prior To Pointing To The Circle.
Shaping - ✔Systematically Reinforcing Successive Approximations Of A Target Behavior While Extinguishing Previous Approximations. The Successive Approximations Become Increasingly More Similar To The Target Behavior. Example: Teaching A Child To Say "Bubbles." The Therapist Says "Say Bubbles. Buh" The Child Says "Buh" And Receives Reinforcement. Once The Client Says "Buh" Consistently, It Will No Longer Be Accepted And The Sd Will Then Be"Say Bubbles, Bub" The Child Says " Bub" And Receives A Reinforcer. The Systematic Increase Of The Requirement Will Until The Client Reaches Saying The Entire Word While Previous Attempts Will Be Extinguished. Pacing - ✔The Speed At Which The Trials Are Being Presented. Example: It Is Important To Be Sure That The Inter-Trial Interval Is At The Appropriate Pace For The Learner. The Inter-Trial Interval Is The Time Between A Reinforcer And The Next Instruction. If It Is Too Fast The Learner May Be Confused, If It Is Too Long The Learner May Become Distracted And Lose Focus. Alternative And Augmentative Communication - ✔All Forms Of Communication Besides The Persons Natural Voice. Examples: Sign Language, Iconic Communication, Applications On Tablets, Textual Etc. Mand Training - ✔When Teaching A Client To Request Items, Action, People And Or Information. A Mand Is A Verbal Operant That Is Controlled By A Motivate Antecedent And Followed By A Consequence That Is Specific To That Motivation. Examples: Sally Says "I Want A Hug" To Her Mom, Sally's Mom Hugs Her. Rob Says "Cookie, Please" The Therapist Gives Him A Cookie. Adam Gives The Therapist An Icon For A Video. The Therapist Hits Play On The DVD Player. Tact Training - ✔Teaching A Child To Comment On The Environment Around Them. A Tact Is Verbal Operant That Is Controlled By A Nonverbal Antecedent And Followed By A Nonspecific Consequence. Examples: Julie Says "Look" And Points To The Sky. Julie's Mom Looks Up And Says "I See A Plane." Antonio Says "It Is Cold Out." His Friend Says "Yes, It Is." A Therapist Says "What Is It?" The Client Says "A Shoe." The Therapist Says 'Awesome!"
Training Echoic Behavior - ✔Teaching A Person To Repeat What The Speaker Is Saying. An Echoic Is A Verbal Operant That Is Controlled By And Matches A Verbal Antecedent. Examples: Doug Tells Kate His Phone Number "(585)555-1212." Kate Repeats Back "(585)555-1212" To Doug. A Therapist Says "Say Cup." The Client Says "Cup." "Way To Go," Says The Therapist. Training Intraverbal Behavior - ✔Teaching A Person To Have A Conversation With Another Person Without Using Just Mands, Tacts And Echoics. An Intraverbal Is A Verbal Behavior Operant That Is Controlled By A Verbal Antecedent And Does Not Match The Verbal Antecedent. The Consequence For Intraverbal Behavior Is Nonspecific. Examples: Ryan Says "How Are You?" Emily Answers "I'm Great, Thanks!" Keaton Asks Kora "Is It Raining Outside?" Kora Says 'No, We Live In California!" Training Joint Attention - ✔Is Teaching A Client To Share An Item And Or Attend To An Item That Is Being Sheared With Them At The Sometime As Another Person. Joint Attention Is The Shared Focus Of Two Individuals On An Object. One Of The Individuals Alerts The Other To The Object By Gaining Their Attention. Examples: A Child Shakes A Rattle And Then Looks At Her Mom. The Mom Says "You Shook The Rattle!" While Looking A The Rattle And The Child. Logan Brings Danica A Picture He Made And Says "Look What I Did!" Danica Says "It Is Beautiful!" While Attending To The Picture. Teaching Play Skills - ✔Reasoning: Play Skills Are Taught To Many People With ASD Because They Typically Lack The Ability To Engage Appropriately With Toys Or Other Leisure Time Activities. Examples Of Areas Of Play Deficits: Symbolic Play, Functional Pretend Play, Constructive Play, Electronic Play, Cause And Effect, Early Social Games, Role Play, Sensorimotor And Manipulative Play, Peer Play, Task Completion Play, Arts And Crafts Teaching Motor Skills - ✔Reasoning: Motor Skills Area An Area That People With ASD Maybe Delayed In. It Is Important To Work On Overall Development As Well.
Examples: Letter Recognition, Colors, Shapes, Number, Reading, Counting, Patterning, Money, Time, Community Helpers And Handwriting Using Visual Supports - ✔Reasoning: Many People With ASD Use Visual Supports To Learn, Understand And Or Communicate. Examples: Using Icons Or Textuals With Sds Or Response, Icons, Words Or Pictures To Communicate, Underlining Or Highlighting Parts Of Instructions Or Responses To Assist In Discrimination Using Curriculum Modifications - ✔Reasoning: Not All Learners Gain Concepts In The Same Way As Others. Examples: BCBA's May Change The Instructions Or Responses That Are Suggested Within The Curriculum They Are Following. Examples Of Modifications That Could Be Used Are Visual Supports (On The Previous Slides), Responding With An Aug Com Device, Adding Kinesthetic Movements To A Response, Breaking A Task Down Further Than The Curriculum Suggests To Allow The Learner Easier Access To Reinforcement Behavior Intervention Plans - ✔A Plan That Is Created For A Specific Client In Regards To Their Specific Behavior They Are Or Are Not Engaging In. It Is Created To Attempt To Change The Frequency Or Duration Of The Specific Behavior. It Uses Antecedent Modification, Replacement Behaviors And Consequence Manipulations To Change The Behavior.
