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S1 is produced by the closure of what? Which
is the louder?
Mitral and tricuspid valves. Mitral is the louder TERM 2
Where is the mitral valve best heard
DEFINITION 2 apex of the heart (5th left intercostal space, mid-clavicular line TERM 3
If S1 is split, where would you listen for it?
How is the split changed by respiration
DEFINITION 3 left lower sternal border (tricuspid listening post) S1 split does not change with respiration TERM 4
S2 has two components. What are they called
and what causes them
DEFINITION 4 A2, P2 caused by closing of aortic and pulmonic valves TERM 5
what causes splitting of S
DEFINITION 5 increased right heart filling time during inspiration. This causes a delay in P2. During expiration, both valves close simultaneously - therefore no split
where would you listen for a split
S
2nd/3rd left interspaces near the sternum (pulmonic listening post because P2 is softer that A2) TERM 7
systolic BP normally corresponds to _____ at it
maximum
DEFINITION 7 left ventricular pressure TERM 8
when is S3 a normal sound
DEFINITION 8 children and young adults. May persist as late as 40yo. S3 in patient over 40 years old is almost certainly pathologic TERM 9
What is S4 and what does it signify
DEFINITION 9 sound immediately before S1 of the next beat marking atrial contraction signifies decreased ventricular compliance and impaired ventricular filling (or well-conditioned athlete) TERM 10
What factors influence arterial blood
pressure?
DEFINITION 10 left ventricular stroke volume; distensibility of the aorta and the large arteries; peripheral vascular resistance, particularly at the arteriolar level; and volume of blood in the arterial system.
