Download CARDIOLOGY EMT REVIEW 2024 UPDATED QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+.pdf and more Exams Service Management in PDF only on Docsity!
CARDIOLOGY EMT REVIEW 2024
UPDATED QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+
Where is the heart located? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>In the mediastinum What is the mediastinum? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The central compartment of the chest between the lungs What is the apex of the heart? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The pointed tip of the heart that points downward and left What is the base of the heart? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The top of the heart, where all the major blood vessels enter the heart How many chambers does the heart have? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>4 chambers What are the top chambers of the heart called? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The Atria v What is one atria by itself called? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It is called an atrium Where is the right atrium located? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The top right of the heart Where is the left atrium located? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The top left of the heart Where is the right ventricle located? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The bottom right of the heart h The ventricles are the? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Bottom chambers of the heart What are the bottom chambers of the heart called? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The entricles Where is the left ventricle located? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> The bottom left of the eart
The atria are the? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Top chambers of the heart What do the atria do? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>They pump blood down to the ventricles What is the job of the right atrium? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>To pump blood down to the right ventricle What is the job of the left atrium? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>To pump blood down to the left ventricle What does the right ventricle do? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It pumps blood to the lungs What does the left ventricle do? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It pumps blood through the aorta to the cells in the body An artery does what? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Carries blood away from the heart A vein does what? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Carries blood to the heart What do the ventricles do? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>They pump blood out of the heart Are arteries always carrying oxygenated blood? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>No, arteries carry blood away from the heart regardless of whether the blood is oxygenated Are veins always carrying deoxygenated blood? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>No, veins carry blood to the heart regardless of whether the blood is deoxygenated The left ventricle pumps blood to? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The systemic circulation (head, arms, legs, etc.) The right ventricle pumps blood to? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The pulmonary circulation (lungs) What does AV mean? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Atrioventricular What are the 2 AV valves? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The tricuspid valve and the mitral valve (which is also called the bicuspid valve) The tricuspid valve is located? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Between the right atrium
What does the prefix endo- mean? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Within or inner, like in the endo-cardium What does the root word - cardium refer to? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It refers to the heart What does the prefix - myo refer to? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It refers to muscle, like with myo-cardium meaning heart muscle What does the prefix - epi mean? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It means over, outer, or upon like in epi-cardium What is cardiac tamponade? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Compression of the heart due to fluid or blood in the pericardial sac What does the prefix peri- mean? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Peri- means around What are coronary arteries? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle itself Does the heart muscle require adequate perfusion to function? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Yes, the heart is a muscle and requires blood flow Where does the heart get its blood flow from? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The coronary arteries What are the two components of the heart? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The electrical component and the mechanical component It If there was no electrical function of the heart what would happen? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The heart would not be able to function and circulate blood What is the mechanical component of the heart? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The muscle of the heart What does the electrical component of the heart do? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> enables the heart to contract in organized manner
What does the mechanical component of the heart do? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The mechanical component, which is the heart muscle, squeezes and pumps blood through the body How does the heart muscle know when and how to contract? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The electrical component of the heart sends electrical impulses through the heart allowing the heart muscle to contract in an organized way What is the electrical conduction system of the heart? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The system that carries electrical impulses properly through the heart What are the three main parts of the electrical conduction system of the heart? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node, and the Purkinje system What is the sinoatrial node? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It is referred to as the pacemaker of the heart and is where impulses originate Where is the sinoatrial (SA) node located? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>In the right atrium, the top right chamber of the heart Where is the atrioventricular (AV) node located? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It is located in the middle of the heart between the atrium and the ventricles (like its name suggests) Where is the Purkinje system? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The Purkinje fibers are located in the ventricles What does systole mean? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Contraction of the ventricles What does diastole mean? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Relaxation of the ventricles What happens during systole? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The ventricles contract and blood is pumped through the body What happens during diastole? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The ventricles relax and refill with blood What do blood vessels do? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>They carry blood What are the two main types of blood vessels? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Arteries and veins
triangle which is where the thigh meets the abdomen at the crease of the groin What are the major veins of the body? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The superior and inferior vena cava, jugular veins, and femoral veins What is the superior vena cava? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The vein that returns blood from the head and arms to the heart What is the inferior vena cava? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The vein that returns blood from the chest, abdomen, and legs to the heart What does the term 'superior' mean? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Above or greater than What does the term 'inferior' mean? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Below or less than What are the jugular veins? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The major veins of the neck that lead to the superior vena cava What are the femoral veins? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The blood vessels that return blood from the lower extremities back to the inferior vena cava What is stroke volume (SV) - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The amount of blood that is pumped out by the left ventricle What is an ejection fraction? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The amount of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle when it contracts measured as a fraction When does the heart receive blood flow? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>During diastole (when the heart is relaxing between beats) What is vascular resistance? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The pressure that blood has to overcome in order to be able to circulate How does blood pressure affect vascular resistance? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The higher the pressure the harder the ventricles will have to pump to move blood What is cardiac output (CO)? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart in one minute How do you calculate the cardiac output? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Multiply the stroke volume (SV) by the amount of times the heart contracted in one minute (CO = SV x HR)
What helps blood return from the lower body to the heart? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The remaining systemic pressure and muscles help move blood back to the heart What is hypertension? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>High blood pressure How does long term hypertension affect the heart? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Overtime it will weaken the heart and may lead to heart failure Why does hypertension affect the heart? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The higher the blood pressure the harder the heart has to work to move blood (the increased workload damages the heart) What is a pulmonary embolism? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>A blockage in the pulmonary circulation that is caused by a clot or air Why is a pulmonary embolism dangerous? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It can prevent gas exchange leading to hypoxia, difficulty breathing, and other life-threatening issues What do you do for somebody who has a pulmonary embolism? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Administer high flow oxygen, provide supportive care, and rapidly transport What are some common symptoms of a pulmonary embolism? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Shortness of breath, chest pain, low SpO2 reading, and anxiety What are common factors surrounding pulmonary embolisms? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Movement after long periods of sitting (person gets off a plane after 8 hour flight) Where do the blood clots that cause pulmonary embolisms usually originate? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>In the thigh and are known as a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) What is a DVT? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>A deep vein thrombosis (blood clot that forms in a large deep vein) Where do most DVTs form? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>In the legs What is a major risk factor for developing a deep vein thrombosis? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Sitting for long periods of time
How does the amount of blood in the body affect blood pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>More blood equals a higher blood pressure while less blood equals a lower blood pressure If you add more fluid volume to the blood what will happen to the blood pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It will increase If a patient loses a large portion of their blood volume what will happen to their blood pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It will decrease What does your sympathetic nervous system control? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Your flight, fight, and freeze responses How does the activation of your sympathetic nervous system (SNS) affect your heart rate? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It increases your heart rate Activating the sympathetic nervous system causes your blood pressure to? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Increase The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Rest and digest Activating the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) will cause your heart rate to? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Decrease Activating the parasympathetic nervous system will cause your blood pressure to? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Decrease What is preload? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The amount of blood in your heart chambers before it contracts What is afterload? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The force in which your heart has to pump against to move blood out of the left ventricle What does dilate mean? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>To open or get wider What does constrict mean? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>To tighten or get narrower What is vasodilation? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The widening or opening of blood vessels
What is vasoconstriction? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The tightening or narrowing of blood vessels How does vasodilation affect blood pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>If a blood vessel gets wider it will decrease blood pressure How does vasoconstriction affect blood pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>If a blood vessel tightens or narrows it will increase blood pressure What does the LDL in LDL cholesterol stand for? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Low- density lipoprotein What does the HDL in HDL cholesterol stand for? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>High- density lipoprotein What type of cholesterol is known as bad cholesterol? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Low- density lipoprotein (LDL) What type of cholesterol is known as good cholesterol? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Why is high levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) dangerous? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It can lead to plaque buildup in the arteries What is atherosclerosis? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>A condition in which someone has developed a large amount of plaque in their arteries Why is plaque buildup dangerous? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It will lead to decreased perfusion through the blood vessels to the vital organs What does perfusion mean? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Blood flow If somebody has decreased perfusion it means they have? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Decrease in the blood flow What factors increase the chance of cardiovascular disease? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Smoking, diabetes, unhealthy eating, obesity, and sedentary lifestyles increase the chance of cardiovascular disease What is angina pectoris? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia (lack of perfusion to the heart muscle)
What does the word 'infarct' mean? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Death of tissue Can angina pectoris be an indicator of a pending heart attack? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Yes, the lack of perfusion causing the chest pain (angina pectoris) can eventually cause part of the heart tissue to die (heart attack) Are heart attack and cardiac arrest the same thing? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>No, they are completely different conditions What is cardiac arrest? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>A state in which the heart is no longer moving blood through the body (no pulse) If a person has no pulse does that mean they are suffering from a heart attack? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>No, that means they're suffering from cardiac arrest Do we do CPR for patients who are having a heart attack? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>No we do CPR for patients who are in cardiac arrest Can a heart attack lead to cardiac arrest? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Yes, if enough of the heart tissue dies it can prevent the heart from functioning properly and lead to cardiac arrest Can a patient who is having a heart attack be conscious? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Yes, a patient suffering a heart attack can be either conscious or unconscious Can a person suffering from cardiac arrest be conscious or responsive? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>No, during cardiac arrest there is no blood flow to the brain or vital organs (can't be conscious or responsive) If a person is conscious or responsive in any way, should you start CPR? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>No, never start CPR on somebody who is conscious and responsive, they are not in cardiac arrest We only start CPR on patients that are suffering from? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Cardiac arrest or are unresponsive due to choking How do you tell if someone's having a heart attack or angina pectoris? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>If a person gets better after rest assume they have angina pectoris, if the chest pain continues even after rest assume that it is a heart attack
How do you treat someone with stable angina pectoris? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Assist them in taking their prescribed nitroglycerin if possible and provide supportive care
What is the correct order to administer treatments to a patient suffering from a heart attack? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Administer aspirin first, then oxygen, and the nitroglycerin (if it is prescribed and systolic BP is >100 mmHg) In order to assist with the administration of nitroglycerin, you must first? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Ensure there are no contraindications (systolic BP > 100 mmHg, and no sexually enhancing drugs/PDIs taken within 72 hours What are phosphodiesterase inhibitors? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Medications that are commonly prescribed as sexually enhancing drugs What are the three most common sexually enhancing drugs? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Cialis, Levitra, and Viagra To administer nitroglycerin a patient cannot have taken sexually enhancing drugs in the last? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>24 to 72 hours depending on the medication, to be safe always go with 72 hours What is nitroglycerin? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>A vasodilator How does nitroglycerin help with angina pectoris and a heart attack? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It opens up the blood vessels allowing for more blood flow to occur What does aspirin do? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It prevents clotting from taking place and is known as an anti-platelet Is aspirin a blood thinner? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>No, it is an anti-platelet and prevents clotting but does not thin the blood Does aspirin breakdown blood clots? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>No, aspirin is not a How do you treat someone with unstable angina pectoris? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Treat them the same way you would if you suspected a heart attack What are the proper treatments for a suspected heart attack/myocardial infarction? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Aspirin, nitroglycerin (if it is prescribed and systolic BP is
100 mmHg), oxygen, and supportive care
ANSWER>>>>You are assessing to see if the airway is open also called patent What are you assessing when you assess a patients breathing? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The respiratory rate, rhythm, depth, and overall effectiveness What are you assessing when you assess a patient's circulation? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The skin color, temperature, and moisture (also assess for bleeding) What is the correct dose for aspirin? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>324 milligrams (chewable not encoded tablet) Why do you want a patient to take chewable aspirin? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>It will be absorbed more quickly than a tablet that has to dissolve in the stomach How many baby aspirin equal 324 milligrams? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> baby aspirin equal 324 milligrams (baby aspirin are 81 mg each) Can a patient take an adult aspirin? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Yes, an adult aspirin is actually 325 milligrams instead of 324 milligrams but can still be taken What is the medical name for aspirin? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) Patients who are suspected of having a myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris should be transported at what priority level? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Code (Emergent with lights and sirens) Where should you take a patient who is suspected of having a myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>To a cardiac facility sometimes called a STEMI receiving center (a hospital with a cath-lab) What does hot skin signs tell you? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>That the patient's body temperature is elevated What is a normal skin temperature? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Warm at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit What do cool skin signs tell you? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The patient's body temperature is low
What are pale skin signs? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Skin color that is white and no longer pink What causes skin to look pale (white in color)? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Decrease blood supply to the skin Why would somebody have pale skin signs? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>They are suffering from shock, anemia, or are cold What does pallor mean? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Paleness, also called pale skin signs What is flushed skin? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Red coloring of the skin What causes red coloring of the skin, also called flushed skin? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Increased blood flow to the skin Why would somebody become flushed? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Heat emergencies, exercise, emotional states, rashes, and carbon monoxide poisoning are common causes What is a normal skin color for skin signs? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Pink is a normal skin sign color What is heart failure? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>A state in which the heart has deteriorated and cannot pump blood effectively to the body What is another name for heart failure? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Congestive heart failure What are the two types of heart failure? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Right sided heart failure and left sided heart failure What is right sided heart failure? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>When the right side of the heart, specifically the right ventricle, is weakened and cannot pump blood effectively What is left sided heart failure? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>When the left side of the heart, specifically the left ventricle, is weakened and cannot pump blood effectively
progressive disease and cannot be cured What are the long term treatments for heart failure? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Blood pressure medication to reduce the stress on the heart and weight loss are the best treatments Why does heart failure cause blood to back up into the pulmonary or systemic circulation? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Because the heart muscle is too weak to pump blood forward effectively which will cause the blood to back up Right sided heart failure causes blood to back up into what circulatory system? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The systemic circulation Left sided heart failure causes blood to back up into what circulatory system? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The pulmonary circulation Why is nitroglycerin often used by providers to treat left-sided heart failure that leads to pulmonary edema? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Because it will cause vasodilation and allow for blood to stay in the blood vessels and not go into the lungs
What is a pacemaker? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>A device that will generate electrical impulses in place of the heart What are ventricular assist devices? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Devices that are implanted into the heart and will help the heart circulate blood What type of patients receive ventricular assist devices? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Patients with heart failure Will patients with a ventricular assist device have a detectable pulse? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>No, the device provides continuous flow which prevents someone from being able to feel a pulse If you cannot check for a pulse on a patient with a ventricular assist device how would you know if they are in cardiac arrest? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>If the patient is unconscious, unresponsive, and NOT breathing, you must assume they are in cardiac arrest Patients who have heart failure may receive what type of implanted devices? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Pacemakers and ventricular assist devices (VADs)
How can you tell if a ventricular assist device is working in an unconscious and unresponsive patient? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>By listening to the chest with a stethoscope to see if the device is making noises If a ventricular assist device is making a noise you should assume? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>That the device is working properly To be safe, if a patient with a ventricular assist device is suspected to be in cardiac arrest you should immediately initiate? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Initiate CPR including compressions, ventilations, and the use of an AED or manual defibrillator Do you change your CPR techniques for a patient who has a ventricular assist device? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>No, perform CPR just like you would for any other patient What is cyanosis? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Blue coloring of the skin What causes cyanosis? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>A lack of oxygen in the blood What is jaundice? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Yellow coloring of the skin What causes jaundice? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Excess bilirubin in the blood What causes excess bilirubin in the blood and jaundice? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Liver failure What is the proper treatment for right sided heart failure? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Supportive care and transport What is the proper care for left-sided heart failure and pulmonary edema? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Initiate CPAP and transport to the hospital lights and sirens Patients with heart failure normally have a BP that is? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>High, patients with heart failure have hypertension unless they go into cardiogenic shock What is cardiogenic shock? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>A state of shock that is caused by heart failure and is seen in the late stages of heart failure How do you know if somebody is suffering from cardiogenic shock? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>If a patient is suspected of having heart failure and is exhibiting signs of shock assume they are suffering from cardiogenic shock If a patient is suffering from pulmonary edema, what position should you put them in? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>High Fowlers, sit them up and place them on CPAP
