Download Cardiovascular, Digestive, Respiratory, and Urinary Systems Chapter 1 Exam with Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
Cardiovascular, Digestive, Respiratory,
and Urinary Systems Chapter 1 Exam
with Answer.
Physiology: - Correct Ans:โโ Study of body functions Anatomy - Correct Ans:โโ Study of Body Structures Emphasize the inseparable interrelated nature of anatomy and physiology: - Correct Ans:โโ a chemical, cell, tissue, organ, or system 1.Chemical Level - Correct Ans:โโ atoms combine to form molecules 2.Cellular Level - Correct Ans:โโ smallest living unit of the body 3.Tissue Level - Correct Ans:โโ group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together on one task: epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nerve
4)Organ level - Correct Ans:โโ grouping of 2 or more tissue types into a recognizable structure with a specific function. 5.Organ System - Correct Ans:โโ collection of related organs with a common function sometimes an organ is part of more than one system 6.Organismic level - Correct Ans:โโ one living individual CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIVING HUMAN ORGANISM Basic Life Processes - Correct Ans:โโ MY GRE D H 1)Metabolism - Correct Ans:โโ = sum of all chemical processes
- breakdown of large molecules into small ones - building new structural components (proteins) - providing chemical energy for cells 2.Responsiveness - Correct Ans:โโ detect & respond to changes in internal or external environment some typical responses muscle contraction, electrical signals, hormone or glandular secretion 3)Movement - Correct Ans:โโ at any structural level
The endocrine system - Correct Ans:โโ regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones.
- Distinguish between intracellular and extracellular fluids and describe the different compartments of extracellular fluid: - Correct Ans:โโ โข intercellular fluid = tissue fluid
- interstitial fluid plasma = fluid portion of blood 1)Interstitial compartment[edit] The interstitial compartment (also called "tissue space") surrounds tissue cells. It is filled with interstitial fluid. - Correct Ans:โโ Interstitial fluid provides the immediate microenvironment that allows for movement of ions, proteins and nutrients across the cell barrier. Describe changes in the internal environment related to substances moving between interstitial fluid and plasma. - Correct Ans:โโ The proper functioning of body cells depends on precise regulation of the composition of their surrounding fluid. Because extracellular fluid surrounds the cells of the body, it serves as the body's internal environment. The internal environment of the body refers to the extracellular fluid that surrounds body cells.
Control of homeostasis Explain the effects of disruptions of body functioning on homeostasis. - Correct Ans:โโ Some disruptions come from the external environment in the form of physical insults such as the intense heat of a hot summer day or a lack of enough oxygen for that two-mile run Describe the general mechanism by which the nervous and endocrine systems keep a specific condition near optimum levels.
- Correct Ans:โโ 1)Nervous-regulates homeostasis by sending electrical signals known as nerve impulses (action potentials) to organs that can counteract changes from the balanced state. 2)Endocrine-includes many glands that secrete messenger molecules called hormones into the blood. Define the major components of a feedback system and explain their role in homeostasis of a few controlled conditions. - Correct Ans:โโ 1.A receptor 2.A control center 3.An effector receptor - Correct Ans:โโ is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control
A disease - Correct Ans:โโ is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms. What are two types of diseases? - Correct Ans:โโ 1)A local disease affects one part or a limited region of the body 2)a systemic disease affects either the entire body or several parts of it (for example, influenza). Symptoms - Correct Ans:โโ Diseases alter body structures and functions in characteristic ways. A person with a disease may experience. what are 2 types of symptoms - Correct Ans:โโ 1)subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer. Examples of symptoms are headache, nausea, and anxiety. 2)Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure are called signs. 23 Describe the anatomical position. - Correct Ans:โโ the subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and the eyes
facing directly forward. The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward. what are two types anatomical positions? - Correct Ans:โโ reclining body: 1)prone position:If the body is lying face down. 2)supine position: If the body is lying faceup. what are the 6 common regions - Correct Ans:โโ 1)Cranial 2)Thoriac 3)Brachial 4)pateller 5)Caphalic 6)gluteal 1)Cranial - Correct Ans:โโ skull Thoriac - Correct Ans:โโ chest Brachial - Correct Ans:โโ arm
frontal or coronal plane - Correct Ans:โโ divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. transverse plane - Correct Ans:โโ divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. Other names for a transverse plane are a cross-sectional or horizontal plane. Sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes are all at right angles to one another oblique plane - Correct Ans:โโ by contrast, passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle cranial cavity - Correct Ans:โโ The cranial bones form a hollow space of the head called the cranial cavity, which contains the brain vertebral (spinal) canal - Correct Ans:โโ The bones of the vertebral column (backbone) form the Vertebral canal which contains the spinal cord. The cranial cavity and vertebral canal are continuous with one another. Three layers of protective tissue, the meninges and a shock- absorbing fluid surround the brain and spinal cord.
Meninges - Correct Ans:โโ three layers of protective tissue, the meninges and a shock- absorbing fluid surround the brain and spinal cord. thoracic cavity - Correct Ans:โโ The major body cavities of the trunk are the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The thoracic cavity or chest cavity is formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column. pericardial cavity - Correct Ans:โโ Within the thoracic cavity are the pericardial cavity , a fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart, and two fluid-filled spaces called pleural cavities , one around each lung. Mediastinum - Correct Ans:โโ The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region called the mediastinum It is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm The mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except the lungs themselves. Among the structures in the mediastinum are the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large blood vessels that enter and exit the heart.
pleura - Correct Ans:โโ The serous membrane of the pleural cavities is called the pleura. The visceral pleura clings to the surface of the lungs. parietal pleura - Correct Ans:โโ lines the chest wall, covering the superior surface of the diaphragm. serous fluid - Correct Ans:โโ In between is the pleural cavity, filled with a small amount of lubricating fluid. Pericardium - Correct Ans:โโ the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity 2 The peritoneum : is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity. The - Correct Ans:โโ 1)โข visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera 2)parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall, covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
visceral peritoneum - Correct Ans:โโ covers the abdominal viscera parietal peritoneum - Correct Ans:โโ lines the abdominal wall, covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm. retroperitoneal - Correct Ans:โโ Some are not surrounded by the peritoneum; instead they are posterior to it. Such organs are said to be retroperitoneal integumentary system - Correct Ans:โโ Protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation. Components: Skin and associated structures, such as hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands. - Correct Ans:โโ integumentary system skeletal system - Correct Ans:โโ Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats).
pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs. Functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ). - Correct Ans:โโ endocrine system cardiovascular system - Correct Ans:โโ Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels. Components: Blood, heart, and blood vessels. - Correct Ans:โโ CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Lymphatic System/Immunity - Correct Ans:โโ Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes. Components: Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells,
T cells, and others). - Correct Ans:โโ LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY respiratory system - Correct Ans:โโ Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds. Components: Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs. - Correct Ans:โโ RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Correct Ans:โโ Components: Organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Functions: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes. - Correct Ans:โโ DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The esophagus (food tube) is ____________ to the trachea (windpipe) - Correct Ans:โโ posterior The ulna is ______________ to the radius. - Correct Ans:โโ medial The lungs are __________ to the heart. - Correct Ans:โโ lateral The transverse colon is ________________to the ascending and descending colons. - Correct Ans:โโ intermediate The gallbladder and ascending colon are ____________ - Correct Ans:โโ ipsilateral. The ascending and descending colons are __________. - Correct Ans:โโ contralateral. The humerus (arm bone) is __________to the radius - Correct Ans:โโ proximal The phalanges (finger bones) are ________ to the carpals (wrist bones). - Correct Ans:โโ distal
The ribs are __________ to the lungs. - Correct Ans:โโ superficial The ribs are ________ to the skin of the chest and back. - Correct Ans:โโ deep On the same side of the body as another structure - Correct Ans:โโ ipsilateral On the opposite side of the body from another structure. - Correct Ans:โโ Contralateral Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure. - Correct Ans:โโ Proximal Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure. - Correct Ans:โโ Distal away from the surface of the body - Correct Ans:โโ deep between two structures - Correct Ans:โโ intermediate
