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Cardiovascular System Physiology, Study notes of Medicine

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health SciencesMedicine

The human circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood in which the blood is circulated throughout the entire body . It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, that consists of the heart and blood vessels. The circulatory system has two divisions, a systemic circulation or circuit, and a pulmonary circulation or circuit. Some sources use the terms cardiovascular system and vascular system interchangeably with the circulatory system.

Typology: Study notes

2014/2015

Available from 06/25/2025

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Circulatory System
The humancirculatory systemis asystem of organsthat includes theheart,blood vessels,
andbloodin which the blood is circulated throughout the entire body . It includes
thecardiovascular system, orvascular system, that consists of the heart and blood vessels. The
circulatory system has two divisions, asystemic circulation or circuit, and apulmonary
circulation or circuit.Some sources use the termscardiovascular systemandvascular
systeminterchangeably with thecirculatory system.
The network of blood vessels are thegreat vesselsof the heart including largeelastic arteries,
and largeveins; other arteries, smallerarterioles,capillariesthat join withvenules(small veins),
and other veins. Thecirculatory system is closedin vertebrates, which means that the blood
never leaves the network of blood vessels. Someinvertebratessuch asarthropodshave
anopen circulatory system.Diploblastssuch assponges, andcomb jellieslack a circulatory
system.
Blood is afluidconsisting ofplasma,red blood cells,white blood cells, andplateletsthat is
circulated around the body carryingoxygenandnutrientsto the tissues, andwaste
materialsaway. Circulated nutrients includeproteinsandminerals, other components
transported aregasessuch as oxygen, andcarbon dioxide,hormones, andhemoglobin;
providing nourishment, help in theimmune systemto fightdiseases, and in
maintaininghomeostasisbystabilizing temperatureandnatural pH.
In vertebrates, complementary to the circulatory system is thelymphatic system. This system
carries excess plasmafilteredfrom thecapillariesasinterstitial fluidbetween cells, away from
the body tissues in an accessory route to return the excess fluid back to the blood circulation
aslymph.The passage of lymph takes much longer than that of blood. The lymphatic system is
a subsystem that is essential for the functioning of the blood circulatory system; without it the
blood would become depleted of fluid. The lymphatic system works together with theimmune
System.Unlike the closed circulatory system, the lymphatic system is an open system.
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Circulatory System

The human circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood in which the blood is circulated throughout the entire body. It includes the cardiovascular system , or vascular system , that consists of the heart and blood vessels. The circulatory system has two divisions, a systemic circulation or circuit, and a pulmonary circulation or circuit. Some sources use the terms cardiovascular system and vascular system interchangeably with the circulatory system. The network of blood vessels are the great vessels of the heart including large elastic arteries, and large veins; other arteries, smaller arterioles, capillaries that join with venules (small veins), and other veins. The circulatory system is closed in vertebrates, which means that the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. Some invertebrates such as arthropods have an open circulatory system. Diploblasts such as sponges, and comb jellies lack a circulatory system. Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that is circulated around the body carrying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and waste materials away. Circulated nutrients include proteins and minerals, other components transported are gases such as oxygen, and carbon dioxide, hormones, and hemoglobin; providing nourishment, help in the immune system to fight diseases, and in maintaining homeostasis by stabilizing temperature and natural pH. In vertebrates, complementary to the circulatory system is the lymphatic system. This system carries excess plasma filtered from the capillaries as interstitial fluid between cells, away from the body tissues in an accessory route to return the excess fluid back to the blood circulation as lymph. The passage of lymph takes much longer than that of blood. The lymphatic system is a subsystem that is essential for the functioning of the blood circulatory system; without it the blood would become depleted of fluid. The lymphatic system works together with the immune System. Unlike the closed circulatory system, the lymphatic system is an open system.

Functions:-

About 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human, breathing air at sea-level pressure, is chemically combined with hemoglobin molecules. About 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in vertebrates.

Clinical Significance :-

Many diseases affect the circulatory system. These include a number of cardiovascular diseases, affecting the heart and blood vessels; hematologic diseases that affect the blood, such as anemia, and lymphatic diseases affecting the lymphatic system. Cardiologists are medical professionals which specialise in the heart, and cardiothoracic surgeons specialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding areas. Vascular surgeons focus on the blood vessels.

Cardiovascular Disease :-

Diseases affecting the cardiovascular system are called cardiovascular disease. Many of these diseases are called "lifestyle diseases" because they develop over time and are related to a person's exercise habits, diet, whether they smoke, and other lifestyle choices a person makes. Atherosclerosis is the precursor to many of these diseases. It is where small atheromatous plaques build up in the walls of medium and large arteries. This may eventually grow or rupture to occlude the arteries. It is also a risk factor for acute coronary syndromes, which are diseases that are characterised by a sudden deficit of oxygenated blood to the heart tissue. Atherosclerosis is also associated with problems such as aneurysm formation or splitting of arteries. Another major cardiovascular disease involves the creation of a clot, called a "thrombus". These can originate in veins or arteries. Deep venous thrombosis, which mostly occurs in the legs, is one cause of clots in the veins of the legs, particularly when a person has been stationary for a long time. These clots may embolise, meaning travel to another location in the body. The results of this may include pulmonary embolus, transient ischaemic attacks, or stroke.