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An introduction to catalysts, focusing on their role in increasing reaction rates and their classification into homogeneous, heterogeneous, and enzyme catalysts. The text also covers acid-base catalysis and the specific example of carbonic anhydrase. Additionally, it discusses the classification of catalysis and the differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
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Catalysts are substances that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction rate without getting consumed in the process. They usually work by Lowering the energy of the transition state, thus lowering the activation energy, and/or Changing the mechanism of the reaction. This also changes the nature (and energy) of the transition state. Catalysts are everywhere! Many biochemical processes, such as the oxidation of glucose, are heavily dependent on enzymes , proteins that behave as catalysts. Other common kinds of catalysts include acid-base catalysts and heterogeneous (or surface ) catalysts. Catalytic proteins: Enzymes are the proteins that regulate biochemical processes. They are often called catalysts , because they function to lower the activation energy of the reaction and thereby increases the rate of the reaction. ... Enzymes are biological catalysts or assistants. A catalyst is a substance that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction rate without getting consumed in the process. Catalysts typically speed up a reaction by reducing the activation energy or changing the reaction mechanism. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. Common types of catalysts include enzymes , acid-base catalysts , and heterogeneous (or surface ) catalysts. Example: Carbonic anhydrase The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reversible reaction of carbon dioxide CO2 and water H2O to form carbonic acid. When the concentration of CO2 in the body is too high, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the following reaction: By regulating the concentration of carbonic acid in the blood and tissues, the enzyme is able to keep the pH balanced in the body.
Carbonic anhydrase is one of the fastest known enzymes, with reaction rates between 104
In acid catalysis, the catalyst is usually a H+. In base catalysis, the catalyst is usually an OH−ion. An example of a reaction that can be catalyzed by acid is the hydrolysis of sucrose, also known as table sugar. Sucrose is a combination of two simpler sugars (or monosaccharides ),
Enzymes: The word enzyme is formed from two Greek words: en means inside and zyme, which means yeast i.e., the word enzyme means inside yeast.
Chemical Nature of Enzymes : All enzymes are protein in nature except ribozymes (RNA in nature). What is the difference between an enzyme and a protein? All enzymes are proteins except some RNAs • not all proteins are enzymes Protein enzymes are classified into 2 types: 1- Simple Protein enzymes: They are formed of protein only. 2- Complex (conjugated) Protein : They are formed of protein part and non protein part. Enzymes formed of two parts: 1) Protein part: called apoenzyme 2) Non- protein: called cofactor