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Category 11 Aerial Application Review
What number is a constant when calculating treatment progress rate(APM)? - ✔ ✔ 495 If your swath width is 50ft, and your airspeed is 105mph, what is your estimated treatment progress rate? - ✔ ✔ 10.606 APM What formulation of pesticides requires you to calibrate a sprayer frequently? - ✔ ✔ Wettable Powders. They tend to be course and wear the orifices, resulting in higher flow amounts. When is the best time for sprayer pattern testing? - ✔ ✔ Early in the morning before the sun heats the ground and causes thermal turbulence. In what direction with the wind should you fly when pattern testing? - ✔ ✔ Fly the plane directly into the wind if there is any. What is the max wind speed that you should perform pattern testing in? - ✔ ✔ Less than 10mph What is the name of the group that performs spray pattern testing for aerial applicators using spray pattern analyzing computers? - ✔ ✔ NAAA: National Aerial Applicators Association How many yards prior to the testing line should you operate your boom for before and after? - ✔ ✔ 100 yards What two things should you look for when pattern testing if using visual evaluation? - ✔ ✔ -Light spray pattern near the flight centerline
-Uneven spray densities towards the wingtips The effective swath width when measured on string or cards is where on a graph? - ✔ ✔ The distance between the midpoints of the sloping ends of the pattern. Spray pattern testing can help identify which different kinds of problems? - ✔ ✔ -Leaks -Nozzle problems -Incorrect droplet spectrum -Propwash displacement -Wingtip vortex -Rotor wash Wingtip vortex is usually characterized by what pattern on swath width graphs? - ✔ ✔ High peaks at its edges Ram air spreader swath width testing should utilize how man foam lined 4 inch deep shallow pans? - ✔ ✔ At least 13 If there is wind when dry spreader testing, how should you position your collection pans, and how should you fly in relation to the wind? - ✔ ✔ Pans should be placed at a right angle to the prevailing wind, and you should fly directly into the wind. What is one way to get an even application using a spreader that creates a triangular shaped pattern? - ✔ ✔ Fly using half the width of the pattern as the swath spacing. (remember the overlapping triangle pattern test graph)
Does sweaty skin absorb more or less pesticide than dry skin? - ✔ ✔ More A service crew member is considered_________ until a spray rig/parts are cleaned and rinsate is managed? - ✔ ✔ A pesticide handler When others are present, the first step in a poisoning emergency is to?
- ✔ ✔ Call an ambulance, poison control center, or doctor depending on the situation. If skin from pesticide exposure has started to blister, what should you NOT do? - ✔ ✔ Towel dry the effected area. Do not apply what to a chemically burned skin? - ✔ ✔ Ointment, Grease, Spray How long should you rinse an eye that has been exposed to a pesticide?
- ✔ ✔ 15-20 minutes total, if victim wears contact lenses, remove after the first 5 minutes of rinsing Signs of shock from pesticide exposure? - ✔ ✔ -Pale, cold, moist, clammy skin -Vacant eyes with dilated pupils What type of antidotal drugs should be administered ONLY by a physician? - ✔ ✔ -Atropine sulfate -Protopam chloride -Dimercaperol -Sodium thiosulfate ETC
Improper use of antidotal drugs can cause what to a pesticide injury victim? - ✔ ✔ Death In the event of an aerial applicator crash, what should be your first action? - ✔ ✔ Grab a fire extinguisher and immediately head to the crash site. If the plane is on fire, what should your steps be? - ✔ ✔ -Use the fire extinguisher to help pilot out of the crash -Check pilot for injury/contamination -Clean contamination off pilot -Loosen restrictive clothing, stop heavy bleeding -Call ambulance Nontarget crops, humans or domestic animal habitats and wildlife environments may be harmed by what? - ✔ ✔ Pesticide drift What governs the legal use of a pesticide? - ✔ ✔ The target site, NOT the target pest Can you legally apply a pesticide to a site not mentioned on a label if you are targeting a pest permitted by the label? - ✔ ✔ NO, because the target site is what determines legal use of a product. What is the single most important factor affecting drift? - ✔ ✔ Droplet size What is spray drift? - ✔ ✔ The PHYSICAL movement of spray particles through the air at the time of a pesticide application.
Dry fog is generally what micron measurement? - ✔ ✔ 5 micron Misty rain is generally what micron measurement? - ✔ ✔ 100 micron Heavy rain is generally what micron measurement? - ✔ ✔ 1000 micron Medium rain is generally what micron measurement? - ✔ ✔ 500 micron What is VMD? - ✔ ✔ Volume Median Diameter VMD tells you what? - ✔ ✔ The droplet diameter at which half of the volume of the spray contains larger droplets and half contains smaller droplets. VMD is helpful for predicting what? - ✔ ✔ Nozzle tips capacity to provide spray coverage. VMD can also be used to describe in simpler terms? - ✔ ✔ The "spread" of droplet sizes in a given droplet spectrum. Settling velocity is what? - ✔ ✔ The rate at which a spray droplet falls through the air toward the ground. Another term for settling velocity is? - ✔ ✔ Fall Rate Settling velocity is generally roughly proportional to what? - ✔ ✔ The square of a droplets diameter. The settling velocity of a 200 micron droplet is? - ✔ ✔ 231 feet/minute
The settling velocity of a 20 micron droplet is - ✔ ✔ 2.4 feet/minute What can you adjust to alter spray droplet size? - ✔ ✔ -Nozzle type -Orifice diameter -Spray pattern angle -Travel speed -Spray pressure -Nozzle mounting angle What are a few of the common nozzle types used in aerial application?
- ✔ ✔ -Cone -Fan -Straight stream -Rotary atomizers Which spray pattern angle is less likely to create drift prone droplets, 80 or 110 degree? - ✔ ✔ 80 degree Which spray pattern is less likely to produce drift prone droplets, conical or fan? - ✔ ✔ Fan pattern What influence does air shear have on spray droplets? - ✔ ✔ Causes droplets to collide with each other an break up, creating a greater number of drift prone droplets. How should nozzles be angled to avoid disruption by air shear? - ✔ ✔ In the same direction as the air flow, generally straight back for a fixed wing aircraft.
-Suspend physically in water (WP,F) -Suspend chemically in water (EC) The best way to manage drift potential is to? - ✔ ✔ Manage and control droplet size An Invert Emulsion is? - ✔ ✔ A water soluble substance suspended in an oil diluent and oil carrier. Inver Emulsions have what defining characteristics? - ✔ ✔ -Thick and creamy -Do not readily evaporate or break up into small droplets What is the main purpose of adjuvants? - ✔ ✔ To increase a pesticides effectiveness or safety Spray adjuvants alter what? - ✔ ✔ The PHYSICAL characteristics of a liquid as it leaves the nozzle, hits the target, or both A surfactant is an example of what variety of spray additive? - ✔ ✔ Adjuvant Adding a surfactant will do what to the characteristics of a spray mix? - ✔ ✔ -Change the proportion of the spray emitted as a particular droplet size -Change the total spray droplet spectrum produced by the nozzle tip Surfactants act in what way? - ✔ ✔ Reduce the surface tension of a liquid and promote the formation of small droplets. Thickening agents are also referred to as? - ✔ ✔ Viscosity modifiers
The terms "tank mix" or "spray mix" generally refer to what? - ✔ ✔ A mixture of several different a.i's, several formulations, and one or more adjuvant that are combined by at least one diluent or carrier. What is Microweather? - ✔ ✔ The weather conditions at ground level or within the plant canopy at or near the target site. What does very stable air indicate? - ✔ ✔ A temperature inversion What is a temperature inversion? - ✔ ✔ When the air above is warmer than the air below. When the air above the target increases in temperature, it rises carrying spray droplets with it. True of False: When temperature increases the potential for spray drift increases? - ✔ ✔ TRUE True or False: Unstable air is preferable for spray applications? - ✔ ✔ TRUE What is Relative Humidity? - ✔ ✔ RH indicates the extent to which an air sample is saturated by water. Microweather specifically can affects what? - ✔ ✔ The temperature and air turbulence found here can generate upward air motion, affecting small spray droplets. What is the definition of navigation in aerial application? - ✔ ✔ The process of determining and maintaining a specific course of travel. What is landmark navigation? - ✔ ✔ Reliance on the position of fixed objects.
-Ascension Island -Diego Garcia -Kwajalein -Colorado Springs Which tracking station is the "master station"? - ✔ ✔ The Station in Colorado Springs What is the job of the GPS Master Station? - ✔ ✔ To send corrections for orbital location and clock data to all the satellites. What does a GPS receiver receive? - ✔ ✔ Detect signals from four satellites, which then plot the receivers location in three dimensional space, x/y/z. The signal from the fourth satellite provides a "time check" verification of the other tree positional calculations. What sector of the government maintains the GPS system? - ✔ ✔ The Department of Defense. What signal is available for civilian GPS? - ✔ ✔ Coarse Acquisition (C/A). What does DGPS technology do? - ✔ ✔ Reduce the effect of the C/A signal data error to a minimum of (usually) less than 1 meter. DGPS uses two of what? - ✔ ✔ Receivers: -A stationary receiver as a reference point -A mobile receiver such as one mounted on an aircraft
With DGPS the mobile receiver obtains what from the stationary receiver in order to improve its precision? - ✔ ✔ Corrections for the GPS satellite timing signals. RTK is a form of what? - ✔ ✔ DGPS What are the two main methods of correction data trasmission? - ✔ ✔ -FM radio tower beacon (USCG) and (NDGPS) -Communication satellite relay (WAAS,LAAS) What are the two different types of radio beacon transmission? - ✔ ✔ -Maritime DGPS -Nationwide DGPS (NDGPS) What is Maritime DGPS? - ✔ ✔ A USCG service that transmits real time GPS timing corrections on coast guard radio beacon frequencies. Found in coastal areas. At what rate does maritime DGPS accuracy decay at? - ✔ ✔ For receivers more than 100 miles away from a maritime DGPS station, accuracy decays at a rate of 1 meter/150km, or 1 yard/90 miles. What are the three types of satellite relay transmission? - ✔ ✔ - WAAS -LAAS -Commercial DGPS What is WAAS? - ✔ ✔ Wide Area Augmentation System supplies DGPS data for commercial aircraft making transcontinental flights.
Upon centering using the LED lightbar, what type of navigation should you use to maintain course? - ✔ ✔ Landmark navigation What other GPS equipment is available for aerial applicators beyond the standard DGPS setup? - ✔ ✔ -System enhancing on board computers -Spray output controllers and sensors -Software packages tailored to link DGPS data to aerial applicators needs including chemical logging, application mapping etc. Throughout spraying what can on board computers collect? - ✔ ✔ Data to construct records for customer billing, environmental reporting and GPS data analysis. Modern on board DGPS computers enable precision spray boom operation through the use of what? - ✔ ✔ Electronically regulated flow controllers, which change the application rate based upon air speed. At the minimum, an agricultural aircraft must be able to do what? - ✔ ✔ -Safely life and transport its cargo -Disperse a pesticide accurately and safely at the target site without harming adjacent land or life Which type of aircraft offer higher application speeds and higher payload capacity per dollar invested? - ✔ ✔ Fixed wing aircraft Which type of aircraft has greater maneuverability and speed variability? - ✔ ✔ Rotary wing aircraft
Which type of aircraft per unit of flying time is more expensive to operate? - ✔ ✔ Rotary wing aircraft A typical aerial spray system consists of the following: - ✔ ✔ -Tank -Agitation system -Filters -Piping and fittings -Pump and pressure gauges -Spray boom What item from an aerial spray system is typically mounted in front of the cockpit and as close to the center of gravity as possible? - ✔ ✔ The tank The spray tank has two sets of graduations printed on it that indicate what? - ✔ ✔ -One indicates the number of gallons in the tank when on the runway -One shows spray tank gallonage while the aircraft is in flight What are the four types of spray tanks used in aerial application setups? - ✔ ✔ -Belly mount tanks -Side mount tanks -Internal mount tanks -Sling load tanks(flown suspended under the aircraft by a line and cargo hook)
Small droplet sprays require what sort of application heights? - ✔ ✔ Application heights of 8-10ft above canopy for droplet sizes in the 150-200 micron range What sort of water could you use for spray pattern testing? - ✔ ✔ Dyed water When spray pattern testing with oil based test liquid, what sort of cards should be used? - ✔ ✔ Oil sensitive cards Effective swath is: - ✔ ✔ The span of the spray pattern that contains enough pesticide to obtain the desired result/pest control Overall swath is: - ✔ ✔ The outermost range that spray droplets within your pattern will reach but are not enough to result in satisfactory pest control In what type of outdoor conditions is it best to perform spray pattern testing? - ✔ ✔ Low wind conditions generally in the morning, if winds are measurable, fly the aircraft INTO the wind to conduct spray pattern testing. What is the first thing you should do prior to conducting a spray operation? - ✔ ✔ Scout the target site from the air to identify obstacles, terrain, and field layout What should you specifically look for when scouting a field aerially prior to an application? - ✔ ✔ Breaks in cultivation or plant cover, trees, buildings, telephone poles, guy wires etc. Guy wires generally pull in which direction in relation to circuitry wire? - ✔ ✔ The OPPOSITE side
What must you determine about nearby buildings assumed to have electricity? - ✔ ✔ The route by which they get their electricity If there is an obstruction beside a field, how should it be handled? - ✔ ✔ Fly close and parallel to the obstruction If there is an obstruction at the end of a field, how should it be handled? - ✔ ✔ One or two swath widths prior to reaching the obstruction, cut off spray and pull up. After those passes are complete, fly one or two parallel clean up passes to catch the swaths you cut off early for. What are the different types of ground crew members? - ✔ ✔ -On site field crew -Mix/load crew -Application equipment servicing crew What jobs do the On Site Field Crew perform? - ✔ ✔ -Current weather conditions -Topographical feature awareness -Location and dimension of ground based hazards -Buffer zone delineations -Other factors affecting the job The process of "Reregistration" refers to what practice by the EPA? - ✔ ✔ Reviewing of older pesticides (those registered before November 1984_ to ensure that they meet current scientific and regulatory standards.
