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Ionic Compounds: Formation of Monatomic and Polyatomic Ions and Their Structures, Study notes of Chemistry

The concept of ionic compounds, focusing on the formation of monatomic cations and anions from metallic and nonmetallic atoms, respectively. It also introduces polyatomic ions and provides examples of common polyatomic anions and cations, along with their structures.

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/12/2022

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Cations and Anions
Atoms of the metallic elements have relatively
weak attractions for their electrons, so they tend
to lose electrons and form monatomic cations
(cations composed of one atom, such as Na+).
Atoms of the nonmetallic elements have
relatively strong attractions for electrons, so they
tend to gain electrons and form monatomic
anions (anions composed of one atom, such as
Cl-).
Therefore, when metallic and nonmetallic atoms
combine, they usually form ions and ionic bonds.
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Cations and Anions

  • Atoms of the metallic elements have relatively weak attractions for their electrons, so they tend to lose electrons and form monatomic cations (cations composed of one atom, such as Na + ).
  • Atoms of the nonmetallic elements have relatively strong attractions for electrons, so they tend to gain electrons and form monatomic anions (anions composed of one atom, such as Cl - ).
  • Therefore, when metallic and nonmetallic atoms combine, they usually form ions and ionic bonds.

Predicting Ion

Charges

  • Noble gas atoms are very stable, so when the nonmetallic atoms form anions, they gain enough electrons to get the same number of electrons as the nearest larger noble gas atom.
  • When the aluminum and the metallic atoms in Groups 1, 2, and 3 form cations, they lose enough electrons to get the same number of electrons as the nearest smaller noble gas atom.

The Making

of a Cation

Monatomic

Ions

Cesium chloride,

CsCl, Structure

  • Because the cesium ions are larger than sodium ions, there is room for eight chloride ions around each cesium ion and eight cesium ions around each chloride ion.

Polyatomic

Ions

  • Some anions and cations contain more than one atom.
  • Polyatomic ion = a charge collection of atoms held together by covalent bonds
  • For example, it is possible for a nitrogen atom to form covalent bonds to four hydrogen atoms, but to make this possible the nitrogen atom has to lose an electron, giving the collection of atoms a plus one charge. This will be explained in more detail in a later lesson. This collection of atoms with the formula NH 4 + is called the ammonium ion.

Polyatomic

Ions

Ion Name Ion Name NH 4

ammonium NO 3 − nitrate OH − hydroxide SO 4 2− sulfate CO 3 2− carbonate C 2

H

3

O

2 − acetate PO 4 3− phosphate