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Cell Cycle Guided Notes: A Comprehensive Guide to Cell Growth and Division, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Cell Biology

A detailed guide to the cell cycle, covering key concepts such as cell growth, dna replication, mitosis, and cytokinesis. It explores the regulation of the cell cycle, including internal and external regulators, and discusses the role of stem cells and the implications of uncontrolled cell growth in cancer. Designed for high school students studying biology and provides a clear and concise explanation of complex biological processes.

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2020/2021

Uploaded on 12/16/2024

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DIRECTIONS: You will completethe guided notes using the Video found on BLEND. You also have access to the Google Slides and PDF version of the lesson. You can print
these notes and hand write on them, you can create a copy of this document and type intoit, or you can hand write your own notes in a notebook. Make sure to keep
your notes organized in a physical folder or in a folder on your google drive. You will want to be able to access them quickly for assignments!It is highly suggested to
highlight or mark your vocabulary terms as you go through a lesson and fill in your notes.
3.6 Cell Cycle Guided Notes Name: Date: 1/6/21
Homeostasis and Cells
Cells are the basic living units of all organisms, and sometimes a single cell is the organism, this is also called a
unicellular organism.
All living organisms must maintain homeostasis.
To maintain homeostasis, unicellular organisms grow, respond to the environment, transform energy,
and reproduce.
Unicellular organisms include both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Unlike most unicellular organisms, the cells of humans, animals, and other multicellular organisms do
not live on their own, instead they are interdependent.
The cells of multicellular organisms become specialized for particular tasks and communicate with one
another to maintain homeostasis.
Cell specialization: the cells of multicellular organisms are specialized, with different types playing different roles.
Some cells are specialized to move, others are specialized to react to the environment, etc. Each specialized cell
contributes to homeostasis in the organism.
Cells and Levels of Organization
Specialized cell: a cell that has undergone differentiation and is specialized to perform certain tasks.
During the development of an organism, cells differentiate into many types of cells. A specialized or
differentiated cell has become different from the embryonic cell that produced it.
Stem cell: unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells.
Stem cells, also called undifferentiated or unspecialized, sit at the base of a branching “stem” of
development from which different cell types form. We classify stem cells broadly into two categories:
Adult stems cells: cells in some tissue, like blood and skin, have a limited lifespan and must be
constantly replaced. Pools of adult stem cells, found in various locations throughout the bod,
produce the new cells needed for these tissues.
Embryonic stem cells: also referred to as pluripotent cells, which can develop into any of the
body’s cell types.
The specialized cells of multicellular organisms are organized into tissues, then into organs, and finally into organ
systems.
Tissues: group of similar cells that perform a particular function
Organ: group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
Organ System: group of organs that work together for perform a specific function
Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction
Why do cells have to divide and produce more of themselves?
The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, a larger cell is less
efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across the cell membrane.
As a cell grows, DNA is used to build the molecules needed for cell growth. But as a cell increases
in size, its DNA does not. So if a cell continued to increase in size the DNA:
Food, oxygen, and water enter a cell through its cell membrane, and waste products leave
through the cell membrane.
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Download Cell Cycle Guided Notes: A Comprehensive Guide to Cell Growth and Division and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Cell Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

DIRECTIONS: You will complete the guided notes using the Video found on BLEND. You also have access to the Google Slides and PDF version of the lesson. You can print these notes and hand write on them, you can create a copy of this document and type into it, or you can hand write your own notes in a notebook. Make sure to keep your notes organized in a physical folder or in a folder on your google drive. You will want to be able to access them quickly for assignments! It is highly suggested to highlight or mark your vocabulary terms as you go through a lesson and fill in your notes. 3.6 Cell Cycle Guided Notes Name: Date: 1/6/ Homeostasis and Cells ● Cells are the basic living units of all organisms, and sometimes a single cell is the organism, this is also called a unicellular organism. ○ All living organisms must maintain homeostasis. ○ To maintain homeostasis, unicellular organisms grow, respond to the environment, transform energy, and reproduce. ● Unicellular organisms include both prokaryotes and eukaryotes ○ Unlike most unicellular organisms, the cells of humans, animals, and other multicellular organisms do not live on their own, instead they are interdependent. ○ The cells of multicellular organisms become specialized for particular tasks and communicate with one another to maintain homeostasis. ● Cell specialization: the cells of multicellular organisms are specialized, with different types playing different roles. Some cells are specialized to move, others are specialized to react to the environment, etc. Each specialized cell contributes to homeostasis in the organism. Cells and Levels of Organization ● Specialized cell: a cell that has undergone differentiation and is specialized to perform certain tasks. ○ During the development of an organism, cells differentiate into many types of cells. A specialized or differentiated cell has become different from the embryonic cell that produced it. ● Stem cell: unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells. ○ Stem cells, also called undifferentiated or unspecialized, sit at the base of a branching “stem” of development from which different cell types form. We classify stem cells broadly into two categories: ■ Adult stems cells: cells in some tissue, like blood and skin, have a limited lifespan and must be constantly replaced. Pools of adult stem cells, found in various locations throughout the bod, produce the new cells needed for these tissues. ■ Embryonic stem cells: also referred to as pluripotent cells, which can develop into any of the body’s cell types. ● The specialized cells of multicellular organisms are organized into tissues, then into organs, and finally into organ systems. ○ Tissues: group of similar cells that perform a particular function ○ Organ: group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions ○ Organ System: group of organs that work together for perform a specific function Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction ● Why do cells have to divide and produce more of themselves? ○ The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA. In addition, a larger cell is less efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across the cell membrane. ■ As a cell grows, DNA is used to build the molecules needed for cell growth. But as a cell increases in size, its DNA does not. So if a cell continued to increase in size the DNA: ■ Food, oxygen, and water enter a cell through its cell membrane, and waste products leave through the cell membrane.

● The exchange of molecules depends on the surface area of the cell, while the energy demands and waste products generated depends on the volume. ■ A cell has to maintain a certain surface area: volume ratio. Cell Division and Reproduction ● Before it becomes too large, a growing cell divides, forming two “daughter” cells. Cell division is the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells. ○ Before a cell divides, the cell copies all of its DNA. Cell division also solves the problem of increasing sixe by reducing cell volume. ● Reproduction, the formation of new individuals, is one of the characteristics of living things. Cell division leads to reproduction for unicellular and some multicellular organisms. ○ Asexual Reproduction: process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. ■ For many single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, cell division is the only form of reproduction. Asexual reprodcution can also occur in multicellular organisms. ○ Sexual Reproduction: type of reproduction in which cells from two parents untie to form the first cell of a new organism. ■ Offspring produced by sexual reproduction inherit some of their genetic information from each parent. Most animals and plants reproduce sexually. ○ Mitosis can be a form of asexula reproduction, wheras meiosis is an early step in sexual reproduction. The Cell Cycle ● Cell Cycle: series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides for form two daughter cells ○ The prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell cycle are different due to differences in cell structures, DNA packaging, etc. ○ The diagram below shows the eukaryotic cell cycle Prokaryotic Cell Cycle: ● The process of cell division in prokaryotes is a form of asexual reproduction known as binary fission.

The M-Phase consists of 2 parts: mitosis and cytokinesis

  1. M (Mitotic) Phase: division phases a. Mitosis: nuclear division/division of the cell nucleus i. Prophase ii. Metaphase iii. Anaphase iv. Telophase b. Cytokinesis: cell division/division of the cytoplasm Regulating the Cell Cycle: ● How do cells know when it's time to divide? ○ Natural controls exist on cell growth
  2. Most cells will divide until they come into contact with each other (contact inhibition)
  3. Cyclin: a family of proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells ○ The cell cycle is controlled by regulatory proteins both inside and outside of the cell ■ Internal regulators: respond to events occurring in the cell ■ External regulators: respond to events outside of the cell ● Growth factors: a group of external regulatory proteins that stimulate the growth and division of cells
  1. Apoptosis: programmed cell death a. Cells end their life cycle by accident or injury, or by apoptosis i. When apoptosis doesn’t occur as it should, a number of diseases can result Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Growth ● Cancer cells do not respond to the signals that regulate the growth of most cells. As a result, the cell cycle is disrupted, and cells grow and divide uncontrollably ● Cancer cells can form a mass of cells called a tumor ○ What causes cancer? ■ It can be caused by defects in the genes that regulate cell growth and divisions. ● Examples of defects: smoking, tobacco products, radiation exposure, other defective genes, and even viral infection ● An astonishing number of cancer cells have a defect in a gene called p53, which normally halts the cell cycle until all chromosomes have been properly replicated.