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A&P 1- EXAM 1 (CHAPTERS 1-5)
- _____ are responsible for bone deposition, whereas _____ are responsible for bone resorption. - ✔✔Osteoblasts; osteoclasts
- _________ is a type of tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells that can contract and expand. - ✔✔Transitional epithelia
- _____________ are channels that allow the majority of water to enter and exit the cell. - ✔✔Aquaporins
- _____________ is the process of cancer cells spreading to other tissues. - ✔✔Metastasis
- _____________ join amino acids together to build a polypeptide chain during translation. - ✔✔Peptide bonds
- 3 components of a cell - ✔✔plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
- A _____ is a mixture that generally consists of a liquid mixed with a solid. - ✔✔suspension
- A _____ is a polar covalent bond that joins two amino acids together through a synthesis reaction. - ✔✔peptide bond
- A _______ forms when electrons are shared equally among the atoms in the bond. - ✔✔non polar covalent bond 10.A 0.9% normal saline solution is often administered with intravenous medication because it is __________ to the bloodstream. - ✔✔isotonic 11.A cell is placed into a 3% dextrose solution. At that concentration, the solution is isotonic to the cell. If the concentration of dextrose in the solution is increased to 5%, the cell is now in - ✔✔a hypertonic solution 12.A denatured protein has lost its - ✔✔hydrogen bonds, shape, and function 13.A fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds is __________. - ✔✔polyunsaturated 14.A laceration cuts down into a layer of loose connective tissue in the skin. Which layer of the skin is this? - ✔✔dermis of skin 15.A person who is standing facing forward with hands at the sides, palms facing forward, is in the - ✔✔anatomical position 16.A process that requires energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called - ✔✔active transport 17.A serous membrane contains a superficial layer of epithelial tissue and a deeper layer of connective tissue. Thus, serous membranes are classified as - ✔✔organs
27.Bases - ✔✔Compounds that reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. 28.Because phospholipids have both polar and nonpolar parts, they are classified as - ✔✔amphiphilic 29.Building blocks of organic molecules are known as __________. - ✔✔monomers 30.Carbohydrates - ✔✔compounds like sugars that provide energy 31.Carbon dioxide is a small molecule that moves through the phospholipid bilayer with its concentration gradient by - ✔✔simple diffusion 32.cell division - ✔✔Process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells 33.cell division (mitosis) - ✔✔M phase 34.cell membrane function - ✔✔Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell 35.cell to cell communication - ✔✔Cells can also communicate directly with one another — and change their own internal workings in response — by way of a variety of chemical and mechanical signals. Allows for specialization of cells. 36.Cells found in connective tissue - ✔✔fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
37.Cells found in epidermis - ✔✔keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells 38.Cells of the stratum corneum are - ✔✔made up of 10 to 30 thin layers of continually shedding, dead squamous keratinocytes. 39.chromosome structure - ✔✔2 sister chromatids attached by a centromere; identical DNA 40.combination reaction - ✔✔two or more substances react to form one product 41.A+B= AB 42.combustion reaction - ✔✔the oxidation reaction of an organic compound, in which heat is released 43.H2+F2= 2HF 44.concentration gradient - ✔✔difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another 45.connective tissue characteristics - ✔✔-tissues are very well vascularized (good blood supply); however tendons and ligaments have poor blood supply, and cartilages are avascular;
- all structures therefore heal very slowly when injured; 46.-made up of a nonliving substance found outside of cells
57.Dermis cell types - ✔✔fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells 58.dermis function - ✔✔nourishes epidermis; provides strength; contains glands 59.Dermis location - ✔✔between epidermis and hypodermis 60.dermis tissue - ✔✔dense irregular connective tissue 61.Determine the number of protons in an isotope of nitrogen with an atomic number of 7 and a mass number of 14. - ✔✔ 7 62.Diffusion - ✔✔Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. 63.DNA contains all of the following structural features except: - ✔✔uracil 64.DNA packaging - ✔✔Chromatin tightly wound and bound to histone proteins/ physically limits access for transcription 65.dorsal cavity - ✔✔contains the brain and spinal cord 66.During which phase of mitosis are sister chromatids separated and pulled to opposite poles? - ✔✔Anaphase
67.During which phase of the cell cycle does the mitotic spindle form? - ✔✔Prophase 68.electrically excitable tissues - ✔✔Nerve/ muscle cells 69.Endocytosis - ✔✔process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane 70.enzyme-catalyzed reaction - ✔✔As the enzyme molecules become saturated with substrate, this increase in reaction rate levels off. The rate of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction increases with an increase in the concentration of an enzyme 71.enzyme-catalyzed reaction - ✔✔substrate, enzyme, enzyme-substrate complex, product + enzyme molecule 72.Enzymes bind with substrates at their active sites and are permanently altered by the binding process. T OR F - ✔✔False 73.Epidermis cell types - ✔✔keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells, tactile cells 74.epidermis forms - ✔✔hair, nails, glands 75.epidermis function - ✔✔covers surface; protects deeper tissues
85.Example of transcytosis - ✔✔antibodies from breast milk for infants 86.Examples of processes that utilise negative feedback loops - ✔✔homeostatic systems, such as: Thermoregulation (if body temperature changes, mechanisms are induced to restore normal levels) Blood sugar regulation (insulin lowers blood glucose when levels are high ; glucagon raises blood glucose when levels are low) 87.Examples of processes that utilise positive feedback loops - ✔✔Childbirth - stretching of uterine walls cause contractions that further stretch the walls (this continues until birthing occurs) Lactation - the child feeding stimulates milk production which causes further feeding (continues until baby stops feeding) 88.excitable tissue characteristics - ✔✔excitable cells such as nerves and muscles have the ability to generate signals that may be quickly transmitted to other cells. 89.Exocytosis - ✔✔Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material 90.extracellular matrix composed of - ✔✔ground substance and fibers (protein, glycosaminoglycan, and glycoconjugate) 91.extracellular matrix function - ✔✔support, adhesion, movement, regulation 92.feedback loop receptor - ✔✔a control center, and an effector. A receptor is the structure that monitors internal conditions. For instance, the human body has receptors in the blood vessels that monitor the pH of the blood.
93.Fibrosis results in the formation of a type of - ✔✔dense irregular connective tissue 94.From superficial to deep, what is the correct order of the layers of the epidermis in thick skin? - ✔✔Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale 95.Glycogen - ✔✔An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. 96.Homeostasis maintained by - ✔✔insulin, glucagon, epinephrine 97.Homeostasis Maintenance - ✔✔Active- expend energy 98.Passive- doesn't expend 99.How do you stop transcription? - ✔✔RNA polymerase will keep transcribing until it gets signals to stop.
- How does the effector restore homeostasis in a negative feedback loop? - ✔✔The effector opposes the initial stimulus and shuts off when conditions return to the normal range.
- How many homologous chromosome pairs are present in most human cells? - ✔✔ 23
- If a needle punctures the serous membranes around the lungs, the first layer that the needle will go through is the - ✔✔parietal pleura
- In a solution, the solute dissolves the solvent. T OR F - ✔✔False
- In DNA, an adenine base will form two hydrogen bonds with ____. - ✔✔thymine base
- In laboratory, you will study the overall structure and shape of the femur bone without the aid of a microscope. This is a study known as - ✔✔gross anatomy
- In the following chemical reaction, what is NaCl?
- NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O - ✔✔product
- In what tissue would be affected by a disease called Stickler Syndrome (inhibits collagen proteins) - ✔✔dense irregular
- Ingesting cellular debris occurs in a process called - ✔✔phagocytosis
- ionic bond - ✔✔Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
- Ionic bonds result from - ✔✔the transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal
- is what occurs when a protein's structure and function is lost because of exposure to extreme heat or chemical factors. - ✔✔denaturation
- Isotonic - ✔✔when the concentration of two solutions is the same
- Keratinocytes - ✔✔The most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin.
- Keratinocytes in the stratum corneum - ✔✔are dead and filled with keratin
- lanula - ✔✔crescent shaped area of nail body near cuticle
- lipid molecules - ✔✔triglyceride
- malignant melanoma - ✔✔Most serious form of skin cancer; often characterized by black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or raised.
- Melanin - ✔✔A pigment that gives the skin its color
- Melanocytes - ✔✔produce melanin
- Merocrine glands that secrete products into hair follicles are called - ✔✔apocrine glands
- papillary layer - ✔✔Outermost layer of the dermis, directly underneath the epidermis
- parietal peritoneum - ✔✔lines the abdominal cavity
- parietal pleura - ✔✔lines the thoracic cavity (lungs)
- pelvic cavity - ✔✔contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
- pH above 7 - ✔✔base
- pH below 7 - ✔✔acidic
- polysaccharide found in cartilage - ✔✔Chondroitin sulphate
- positive feedback loop - ✔✔feedback loop that causes a system to change further in the same direction
- Prophase - ✔✔Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
- Proteins - ✔✔the main molecules that build everything from cell walls to organs
- Reactions of oxidative catabolism, or aerobic respiration, occur in the mitochondrion only in the presence of _____________. - ✔✔oxygen
- reticular layer - ✔✔Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients
- sebaceous glands - ✔✔oil glands in the skin
- Simple columnar epithelium is located in which of the following locations? - ✔✔Lining of the small intestine
- Simple squamous epithelium is found lining the - ✔✔air sacs of the lungs
- Single Replacement - ✔✔A + BC --> B + AC
- one element replaces another element in a compound
- Solutions with a pH less than 7 are considered basic or alkaline. T OR F - ✔✔False
- spinal meninges - ✔✔surround the spinal cord
- Squamous cell carcinoma arises from __________. - ✔✔keratinocytes in stratum spinosum
- The extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissue consists of: - ✔✔protein fibers and ground substance.
- The four most common elements, comprising 96% of the body's mass, are - ✔✔oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon
- The general type of tissue with an apical surface and a basement membrane is - ✔✔epithelial
- The group of polymers that contribute the smallest mass to the human body but are the most important because they are responsible for the storage and execution of the genetic code, are the: - ✔✔nucleic acids
- The inorganic portion of bone matrix is composed of - ✔✔calcium phosphate crystals.
- The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment is termed - ✔✔homeostasis
- The major energy reserve in the body is found stored as fat in __________.
- ✔✔adipose tissue
- The majority of cells in the epidermis arise from mitotic activity in stratum - ✔✔basale
- The more hydrogen ions present in a solution, the more _____ the solution.
- ✔✔acidic
- The most superficial component of the skin is the __________. - ✔✔epidermis
- The most superficial component of the skin is the - ✔✔epidermis
- The most superficial layer of the dermis is the __________. - ✔✔papillary layer
- The most superficial layer of the epidermis is called the __________. - ✔✔stratum corneum
- The rule of nines is used to estimate the percentage of body surface area affected by - ✔✔burns
- The simplest level of organization in the human body is the cellular level. T OR F - ✔✔FALSE
- The synthesis reactions that take place in the body are referred to as _____ reactions, whereas the decomposition reactions are referred to as ______ reactions. - ✔✔anabolic; catabolic
- The thoracic cavity is situated superior to the abdominopelvic cavity and separated by the diaphragm. Therefore, the diaphragm creates what type of plane? - ✔✔Transverse (horizontal) plane
