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What is Metabolism?
the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
TERM 2
What is catabolism?
DEFINITION 2
all the breakdown reactions like digestion
TERM 3
What is anabolism?
DEFINITION 3
all the synthesis reactions like building of muscle
TERM 4
What is ATP?
DEFINITION 4
adenosine + 3 phosphates
drives energetically unfavorable reactions
formed in the mitochondria
NOT stored in the body
formed and consumed immediately
ATP energy is held in phosphoandydride bonds
TERM 5
What is ADP?
DEFINITION 5
adenosine + 2 phosphates
add 1 phosphate and you get ATP
What is AMP?
adenosine + 1 phosphate
add 2 phosphates and you get ATP
TERM 7
What are enzymes?
DEFINITION 7
reduce activation energy needed to initiate a chemical
reaction by bringing substrates into contact
protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction
not altered and can be used multiple times
TERM 8
What are substrates?
DEFINITION 8
molecule that an enzyme acts upon
TERM 9
What are coenzymes?
DEFINITION 9
organic cofactors that act as temporary enery carriers
that shuttle H+/e from one molecule to another
TERM 10
What are cofactors?
DEFINITION 10
ex) NAD+, FAD, CoA
How many pyruvic acids are made per
glucose?
TERM 17
What coenzyme is needed during glycolysis?
DEFINITION 17
NAD+
TERM 18
What are the steps of glycolysis?
DEFINITION 18
phosphorylation
priming
cleavage
oxidation
dephosphorylation
TERM 19
Phosphorylation
DEFINITION 19
start with glucose.
enzyme (hexokinase) tranfers a phosphate from ATP to glucose
molecule generating glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)
this step is important because this adds a neg. charge on the
molecule which doesnt allow it to pass through the PM (sugar
cant leave the cell) now it will be passed to the krebs cycle and
ETC to make ATP
TERM 20
Priming
DEFINITION 20
G6P is rearraged by the enzyme phosphoglucose
isomerase to form fructose-6-phosphate
this is then phosphoroylated by ATP to form fructose-1,6-
diphosphate
Cleavage "lysis"
fructose-1,6-diphosphate is cleaved into 2 3-carbon
molecules called PGAL by the enzyme aldolase
TERM 22
Oxidation
DEFINITION 22
each PGAL is oxidized (has H+/e removed)
2 e and 1 H+ is stollen by NAD+
the other H+ is released into the cytoplas,
yielding NADH + H+
then a phosphate (Pi) is added to each 3-carbon
fragment, forming 2 PGAL - Pi
TERM 23
Dephosphorylation
DEFINITION 23
removal of a phosphate
the 2 PGAL-Pi are dephosphorylated
the phosphates are transferred to ADP to make ATP by
the enzyme pyruvate kinase
it is now pyruvic acid
TERM 24
End products of glycolysis
DEFINITION 24
2 pyruvic acids
2 nADH
2 H+
2 ATP (net)
4 ATP made (but two are consumed)
TERM 25
After glycolysis, if O2 is present, where to
pyruvic acids go?
DEFINITION 25
go to the mitochondria
Is ATP generated during the intermediate
step?
no
TERM 32
Does the Krebs cycle require O2 to occur?
DEFINITION 32
yes
TERM 33
What part of the cell does the kreb's cycle
occur?
DEFINITION 33
matrix of the mitochondria
TERM 34
In what form do the carbon molecules enter
the krebs cycle?
DEFINITION 34
CoA
TERM 35
In what form do the carbon molecules leave
the krebs cycle?
DEFINITION 35
CO
Does the krebs cycle yield ATP?
yes, 1ATP per CoA (2 in total)
TERM 37
Why is the krebs cycle also called the citric
acid cycle?
DEFINITION 37
because the first molecule made is citric acid
TERM 38
What 4C compound does CoA combine with at
the start of the krebs cycle?
DEFINITION 38
oxaloacetic acid
TERM 39
What 5C molecule is formed after citric acid
loses a C?
DEFINITION 39
alpha ketoglutaric acid
TERM 40
After alpha ketoglutaric acid loses a carbon,
what 4C molecule is formed?
DEFINITION 40
succinic acid
How does the ETC get energy and protons?
each transfer of e releases energy (slow)
get this from NADH and FADH
TERM 47
Does ETC require O2?
DEFINITION 47
yes
TERM 48
What molecule is the final e
acceptor?
DEFINITION 48
O
TERM 49
WHat ion gradient is formed by the ETC?
DEFINITION 49
H+ gradient
TERM 50
Why is this ion gradient
important?
DEFINITION 50
drives the synthesis of ATP
How is ATP made?
ATP synthase
TERM 52
How many total ATP are produced by cellular
respiration?
DEFINITION 52
TERM 53
How much ATP is produced from the
oxiddation of 1 NADH?
DEFINITION 53
TERM 54
How much ATP is produced from the oxidation
of 1 FADH2?
DEFINITION 54
