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Total Body Water
50-70% of total body weightinverse correlation with body fatICF & ECF (separated by cell membranes) TERM 2
Intracellular Fluid
DEFINITION 2 ICFcontained within cells (cytosol, cytoplasmic matrix)2/ total body waterHigh K+ and proteins (Mg2+ & organic phosphates)more acidic TERM 3
Extracellular Fluid
DEFINITION 3 ECFoutside the cells1/3 total body waterinterstitial fluid & plasma (separated by capillary wall)High Na+ and Cl- (& HCO3-)High [Ca2+] TERM 4
Plasma
DEFINITION 4 circulating in blood vesselscontains proteins (albumin)High Na+ and Cl- (& HCO3-) TERM 5
Interstitial Fluid
DEFINITION 5 fluid "bathing" the cell"ultrafiltrate" of plasmaformed by filtration across the capillary wallHigh Na+ and Cl- (& HCO3-) (no proteins)
Osmoles
number of particles into which a solute dissociates in a solution TERM 7
Osmolarity
DEFINITION 7
of osmoles of solute per liter = gC (#particles x [ ])for a
solute that does not dissolve - osmolarity = molaritymore than one particle = molarity x # of particles TERM 8
pH
DEFINITION 8 pH = -log [H+] 10 TERM 9
Principle of Macroscopic Electroneutrality
DEFINITION 9 each compartment [cations] = [anions]potential difference possible, but at macroscale = neutral TERM 10
Na+K+ ATPase
DEFINITION 10 Na --> ECFK --> ICFATP energy creates energy gradientCa2+ similar using ATPase for high [Ca2+] in ECF
Facilitated Diffusion
passive transport aided by integral proteinsD-glucose into skeletal muscle & adipose by GLUT4 transporteralso see competitive D-galactose or inhibitory effects phlorizin TERM 17
Primary Active Transport
DEFINITION 17 one or more solutes AGAINST electro chem gradient (use ATP)ex. Na/K ATPase; Ca ATPase sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum; H/K ATPase gastric parietal cells TERM 18
Na/K ATPase (pump)
DEFINITION 18 present in all membranes3 Na out; 2 K inconformational change (alpha-beta subunits) - phosphorylationE1 - Na & K binding sites face ICF - affinity NaE2 - Na & K binding sites face ECF - affinity Kcardiac glycosides (ouabain & digitalis) inhibit Na/K ATPase by binding E2 preventing phosphorylation/dephosphorylation TERM 19
PMCA
DEFINITION 19 plasma membrane Ca ATPase (pump) found in all cellsmaintain low Ca intracellular concentrationE1 and E statesE1 high affinity Ca (intracellular) conformational changeE2 low affinity Ca (ECM - released) TERM 20
SERCA
DEFINITION 20 sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca ATPaseE1 and E2 statesE high affinity Ca (intracellular) conformational changeE2 low affinity Ca (release into lumen of sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum)
HK ATPase
parietal cells of gastric mucosapump H from ICF of parietal cells into stomach lumenacidify gastric contentsOmeprazole
- inhibitor can be used to reduce the secretion of Hused to treat peptic ulcers TERM 22
Secondary Active Transport
DEFINITION 22 2+ solutes coupledNa downhill to push other up (ATP indirect from Na/K ATPase)using ouabain diminishes Na and therefore effects secondary1) cotransport/symport (with Na)2) countertransport/antiport/exchange (v Na) TERM 23
Cotransport (symport)
DEFINITION 23 second solute travels with Na ECF --> ICFex. absorbing epithelia sm intestine & renal tubuleNa/glucose cotransport (SGLT1 on luminal/apical membrane) Na/amino acid cotransportonly renal tubuleNa/K/2Cl transport TERM 24
Countertransport (antiport or
exchange)
DEFINITION 24 second solute travels opposite direction NaCa/Na exchangeNa/H exchange TERM 25
Osmosis
DEFINITION 25 flow of water across a semipermeable membrane due to differences in solute concentrationisosmotic, hyperosmotic, hyposmotic
Resting Membrane Potential
established by diffusion potentialsions with highest permeabilities have the greatest contributionfor excitable cells -70 to -80 mV (close K or Cl) TERM 32
chord conductance equation
DEFINITION 32 weighs equilibrium potential for each ion (using nernst) by its relative conductanceEm = gK/gT EK + gNa/gT ENa + gCl/gT ECl + gCa/gT ECa TERM 33
Goldman equation
DEFINITION 33 considers contribution of each ion by relative permeability instead of conductance TERM 34
Action Potentials
DEFINITION 34 excitable cells (muscle/nerves)rapid depolarization followed by repolarization of the membrane potential
