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Anatomy and Physiology 1 Exam 1
A - ✔✔bonds with U (RNA) or T (DNA) Achondroplasea - ✔✔dwarfism; caused by mutation in DNA replication or inherited gene, long bones stop growing, large head, short limbs, curved spine, abnormal conversion of hyaline cartilage to bone acid - ✔✔donates H+ active transport - ✔✔opposes the movement of solutes by diffusion and prevents the distribution of dissolved substances from reaching equilibrium; moves a substance against a concentration gradient Ex) sodium potassium pump- ion pump concentration gradients- moves Na+ continuously out the cell and K+ into the cell; must expend ATP to do this; maintains electrochemical gradient which gives cell potential energy anatomy - ✔✔study of structure and form; derived from Greek word Anatome which means to cut apart or dissect; Anatomists study structure and form of organims studying the relationships among parts of the body and the structure of individual organs anion - ✔✔negatively charged ion anterior - ✔✔in front of
apocrine sweat glands - ✔✔discharges sweat into hair follicle, active in pubic and underarm regions, become active during puberty appositional growth - ✔✔occurs within the periosteum; circumferential lamallae develop in the bone (like tree rings); medullary cavity forms in center arector pill muscle - ✔✔muscle that alters hair position atoms - ✔✔protons (+1 charge), nuetrons, and electrons (very little weight) atomic number is based on protons amu is based on protons and nuetrons base - ✔✔donates OH- basic qualities of life - ✔✔organization- each organism has a complex structure and order metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions to occur within a body; anabolism (smaller molecules form larger) and catabolism (larger molecules are broken down to smaller) growth and development- each organism assimilates materials from its environment and often grows and develops responsiveness- ability to sense and react to stimuli regulation- ability to adjust or direct internal bodily function in the face of environmental changes- homeostasis- ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment
centrosome - ✔✔amorphous region adjacent to nucleus; contains a pair of centrioles; organizes microtubules within the cytoskeleton cilia/flagella - ✔✔projections from the cell; cilia move mucus in respiratory passageway; flagella propel cells (sperm) comparative A&P - ✔✔examines similarities and differences of anatomy and physiology of different species cytoplasm - ✔✔all cellular contents between the nucleus and cell membrane cytoskeleton - ✔✔maintains cell interstructural suppost; made up of filaments cytosol - ✔✔intracellular fluid, high water content deep - ✔✔on the inside diffusion - ✔✔net movement of substance from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated disaccharides - ✔✔carbohydrates made with two monosaccharides (sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), maltose (malt sugar) dorsal - ✔✔on the backside of the human body
electrolyte - ✔✔substances that both dissolve and dissociate in water that create electric currents embryology - ✔✔discipline concerned with developmental changes occuring from conception to birth endochondral ossification - ✔✔Process of transforming cartilage into bone. endocytosis - ✔✔the cellular uptake of large substances or large amounts of substances from the external environment into the cell; used for digestion; pocket in cell membrane occurs to take in vessible that forms on cell surfuce- this is called invagination endoplasmic reticulum - ✔✔extensive interconnected membrane network that varies in shape and separates fluid within the membrane structure from the cytosol; serves as a place for ribosomes to attach (Rough Er) or not (smooth ER) epidermal ridges - ✔✔works with dermal papillae in the dermis to merge dermis and epidermis; dermal papillae deliver nutrients to epidermis and monitors touch of the epidermis exocytosis - ✔✔the means by which either large substances are secreted from the cell; macromolecules like proteins and polysaccharides are too large to be moved across the membrane even with the assistance of transport protieins; intracellular transport vessicles; vessicle fuses with plasma membrane to release contents
receptor- detects changes in variable; either substance or process stimulus control center - interprets input from the receptor and initiates change through the effector; parathyroid hormone monitors calcium levels effector- structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus; muscles in the lungs that bring air flow hypertonic - ✔✔higher concentration of solutes and thus a lower concentration of water than in the cytosol-- water will leave the cell; crenation- cell shrinkage hypotonic - ✔✔the solution has a lower concentration of solutes and there is a higher concentration of water then in the cytosol--- entry of water into the cell occurs lysis can occur inclusions - ✔✔aggregates of specific molecules-- temporary storage inferior - ✔✔closer to the feet intermembranous ossification - ✔✔bones growth within a membrane: the mesenchyme (site of the future dermis), starts during the 8th week of development, produces flat bones in skull, face, and clavicle, begins when mesenchyme thickens, cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts, calcification (turns cells into osteocytes), woven bone, then lammellar bone (spongey and compact bone) interstital growth - ✔✔long bone's growth in length; dependent on epiphyseal plate; growth is due to growth in hyaline cartilage that ossifies to bone; rate of epiphyseal catilage slows and eventually ends as we age and osteoblast activity increases
isotonic - ✔✔the cytosol and the solution have the same relative concentration kinetic energy - ✔✔energy of motion lactose - ✔✔galactose and glucose layers of the integument - ✔✔epidermis, dermis (papillary, reticular), subcutaneous layer (below the integument) lipids - ✔✔type of organic molecule made up of fatty acids and steroids; water insoluble triglycerides- (H2CO)3 (3 glycerol and fatty acid chains (H2C)n ) phospholipids- phosphate, various organic molecules, glycerol, and fatty acids steroids- like cholesterol, 4 hydrocarbon rings eicosanoids- 20 carbons, arachidonic acid lysosomes - ✔✔spherical shaped organelles bound by membrranes that contain digestive enzymes; digest damaged organelles (autophagy); when a cell is damaged or dies, the lysosomes digest the molecular components of the cell itself-- called autolysis major elements of the human body - ✔✔Oxygen (65%), Carbon(18), Hydrogen (10), Nitrogen (3), Calcium, Phosphorous, maltose - ✔✔glucose and glucose
nucleic acids - ✔✔macromolecules that store or transfer genetic and heriditary information in cells; ex) RNA and DNA, both made up of nucleotide monomers, bonded together covalently in phosphodiester bonds nucleus - ✔✔largest structure within the cell and is enclosed by a nuclear envelope. Contains genetic material, DNA, the fluid within the nucleus is called the nucleoplasm, nucleolos is dark staining body organelles - ✔✔little organs- complex organized structures within cells; unique charecteristic shapes and functions organic and inorganic chemical components of bone - ✔✔ organic molecules - ✔✔molecules that contain carbon organization of the human body - ✔✔chemical level- consists of atoms, molecules, macromolecules, and organelles cell level- consists of cells, made up of structures and molecules from chemical level tissue level- made up of tissues which are made of cells organ level- made up of organs made up of 2-3 tissue types that work together for specific, complex functions organ system level- organs that work together to coordinate activities and acheive a common function osmosis - ✔✔the passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane; occurs to even out concentrations in and out of cell
osteoblasts - ✔✔secret initial bone matrix osteoid; hardened bone; become trapped in the matrix they create and become osteocytes osteoclasts - ✔✔involved in breaking down bone called resorption osteocytes - ✔✔mature bone cells that have lost their bone forming ability when they become trapped by calcified osteoid; signal osteocyes when bone is stressed Osteoporosis - ✔✔bone loss due to aging, more common in caucasian women due to lower bone density, maintaining good calcium and vitamin D osteoprogenitor cells - ✔✔stem cells, multiply through mitosis (1 progenitor, one osteoblast) parathyroid hormone and calcitriol - ✔✔parathyroid releases PTH; vitamin D converted to calcitroil; work synergistically to release calcium from the bone to the blood; reduce calcium loss into urine in kidneys, release calcium from small intestine into blood; Maintaining calcium homeostasis pathophysiology - ✔✔relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system peroxisomes - ✔✔formed in ER or through fission-- detoxify substances through oxidation enzymes; important in liver to detoxify alcohol and other substances; work through beta oxidization-- creates CoA
proteins - ✔✔polymers that are made of amino acid monomers with an amine and carboxylic acid functional group, amino acids bond together with peptide bonds (dehydration reaction OH- from carboxylic acid, H from amine group proteosomes - ✔✔barrel shaped proteins that digest other proteins that are damaged or no longer needed; signaled by ubiquitin: use ATP purines - ✔✔double ring nitrogenous base: adenine, guanine pyrimidines - ✔✔single ring nitrogenous base: cytosine, uricil, thymine quaternary structure - ✔✔shown in some complex proteins; two or more proteins associate to form a final protein reticular layer - ✔✔contains network of blood vessels, hair follicles, sabaceous glands, sweat glands, and nerves surrounded by collagen ribosomes - ✔✔organelles composed of both ribosomal RNA and proteins ; bound to a membrane or free in the cytosol; engage in protein synthesis--- bound ribosomes produce proteins that are secreted into cytosol and free ribosomes produce all other proteins Rickets - ✔✔caused by vitamin D deficiency (children in factories), weight caused poorly developed bones to assume a bowlegged appearance
role of enzymes - ✔✔lower activation energy in chemical reactions, subtrate enters active site, induced fit occurs, enzyme stressed substrate bonds, lowering activation energy and facilitating the chemical reaction to occur sebaceous glands - ✔✔discharges oil to keep skin and hair from drying out secondary active transport - ✔✔synport- same direction, antiport- different direction; mvement of Na+ or K+ with its gradient provides enough energy to move substance in either direction secondary structure - ✔✔shows beta pleated sheets and alpha helices serotonin - ✔✔inhibits osteoprogenitor cells from differentiating into osteoblasts when there are chronically high levels of serotonin` sex hormones - ✔✔(estrogen and testosterone) begin to be secreted in large amounts at puberty and dramatically acclerate bone growth; ends growth at epiphyseal plate since bone growth replaces cartilage growth so all cartilage is replaced by bone simple diffusion - ✔✔movement of small, nonpolar particles through the plasma membrane; little energy needed sucrose - ✔✔made up of glucose and fructose superficial - ✔✔on the outside
covalent bond- bond that shares electrons, weaker, can be single, double, triple; form molecular compounds ventral - ✔✔on the belly side of the human body vesicles - ✔✔spherical shaped membrane bound sacs that transport cellular matterial
