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Biology 1108 Exam 2 Pucko UGA Questions And Answers A+
cold water all year, high dissolved oxygen - ANS-✔✔2 abiotic factors of kelp forests
macroalgae - ANS-✔✔Kelp are __________, a convergent evolution of a plant-like body.
specific heat - ANS-✔✔Sea otters lose heat 25 times faster than air does because of their ______ _____________.
dense, blubber - ANS-✔✔Sea otters have _________ fur and no __________.
30 - ANS-✔✔Sea otters must eat ____% of their body weight every day to power metabolism/thermogenesis.
energy cannot be created or destroyed but transferred and transformed - ANS-✔✔Energy flows through biological systems according to the laws of thermodynamics:
entropy/disorder - ANS-✔✔Every energy transfer or transformation increases the _________/______ of the universe.
cellular respiration - ANS-✔✔transforms energy in organic molecules into ATP and heat
most - ANS-✔✔Chemical bonds store energy as 'potential' energy. Thus, the molecule that has the _______- bonds will have the most energy.
energy is released and can be captured to help other chemical reactions run - ANS-✔✔What happens when chemical bonds are broken?
10% - ANS-✔✔What percentage of energy is assimilated?
90% - ANS-✔✔What percentage of energy is lost as heat or waste?
thermogenesis - ANS-✔✔generation of heat
thermoregulation - ANS-✔✔temperature control
homeostasis - ANS-✔✔process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
shivering, sweating - ANS-✔✔2 examples of human thermoregulation
panting, vasodilation - ANS-✔✔2 examples of physiological thermoregulation in heat
hibernation, vasoconstriction - ANS-✔✔2 examples of physiological thermoregulation in cold
shedding, elephant ears, jack rabbits - ANS-✔✔3 examples of morphological changes in heat
birds fluff feathers, fur, blubber - ANS-✔✔3 examples of morphological changes in cold
wallowing, locating shade, burrowing, swimming - ANS-✔✔4 examples of behavioral changes in heat
basking, cuddling, burrowing, migration - ANS-✔✔4 examples of behavioral changes in cold
thermoregulator - ANS-✔✔animals maintain internal temperature
homeostasis - ANS-✔✔a dynamic equilibrium which is actively regulated to maintain a variable at a constant level; acceptable range rather than a point
optimal foraging theory - ANS-✔✔Views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food.
optimal foraging theory - ANS-✔✔choose prey that maximize net energy gain; energy gained - energy spent
prey switching - ANS-✔✔switching to the next best prey item when a preferred item becomes rarer
prey - ANS-✔✔In a system of predator and prey, which population is higher?
trophic level - ANS-✔✔Each step in a food chain or food web
producers - ANS-✔✔the lowest trophic level
producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers - ANS-✔✔first 4 levels of food chain
sunlight - ANS-✔✔where does energy in a food web initially come from?
90% - ANS-✔✔Each level in a trophic level decreases by ____%. ***
10% - ANS-✔✔Only ____% of energy is transferred up in a food chain.
100 - ANS-✔✔If a community has 1,000 mice, it can support _____ hawks.
they maintain urchin population and kelp to sustain a balanced ecosystem - ANS-✔✔Why are otters essential to healthy kelp forests?
carbon sequestration, vertical complexity, ecosystem stability, juvenile fish habitat - ANS-✔✔4 benefits of otters in kelp forests
trophic cascade - ANS-✔✔when changes at one trophic level have dramatic effects throughout a food web (i.e, urchin barren)
keystone species - ANS-✔✔Trophic cascade is more likely to occur in the presence of a...
keystone species - ANS-✔✔an organism with an outsized influence relative to its abundance
keystone species - ANS-✔✔A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem
alternative stable states - ANS-✔✔Different community development scenarios that are possible at the same location under similar environmental conditions.
alternative stable states - ANS-✔✔Ecosystems can have multiple stable modes that are difficult to transition out of called __________ ___________ _____________.
bottom up control - ANS-✔✔producers are limited by nutrients, climate disturbance, etc.
top down control - ANS-✔✔producers are limited by herbivory by primary consumers
Hurricane Ida - ANS-✔✔set the stage for climate change to progress over time and increased the likelihood of its occurrence
positive feedbacks - ANS-✔✔amplification of a stimulus; initial stimulus needs to be trigger that causes further spiraling in one direction
carbon cycle - ANS-✔✔how carbon is converted from one form to another
rocks, fossil fuels, soils, atmosphere, biosphere, ocean - ANS-✔✔6 places where carbon is stored (pools)
biomass - ANS-✔✔all living things
ocean carbon - ANS-✔✔largest reservoir of carbon
long term ocean acidification cycle - ANS-✔✔involves putting carbon back into the rock pool and fossil fuel pool (millions of years)
short term ocean cycle - ANS-✔✔involves carbon moving in and out of the atmosphere
greenhouse effect - ANS-✔✔energy coming from the sun is high energy light entering the atmosphere
intercepts - ANS-✔✔Earth ____________ some high energy lights.
Burning fossil fuels puts more carbon dioxide into our atmosphere; too much of these greenhouse gases causes Earth's atmosphere to trap more and more heat - ANS-✔✔How are human activities are changing Earth's natural greenhouse effect?
.1 - ANS-✔✔What percentage of the atmosphere is GHGs?
carbon dioxide - ANS-✔✔Most of the .1% of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is ________ ______________.
heat and prevent it from escaping into the atmosphere - ANS-✔✔More greenhouse gases trap...
Milankovitch cycles - ANS-✔✔Changes in the shape earth's orbit and tilt that cause glacial periods and interglacial periods
Milankovitch cycles - ANS-✔✔natural and very long-term fluctuations in sun intensity
Milankovitch Cycles - ANS-✔✔changes in the earth's orbit that changes the earth's temperature
methane, CO2, nitrous oxide, F-gases, water vapor - ANS-✔✔What are 5 greenhouse gases?
gwp - ANS-✔✔Global Warming Potential
1 pound of CO2 = 1 GWP - ANS-✔✔How many lbs. of CO2 is equivalent to 1 global warming potential? (GWP)
1 pound of methane = 21 pounds CO2 - ANS-✔✔How many lbs of carbon dioxide are equivalent to 1 lb. of methane?
CO2 - ANS-✔✔The strongest anthropogenic GHG
CO2 - ANS-✔✔In terms of overall climate change, _______ contributes the most towards global warming.
respiration, fires, volcanoes, decay - ANS-✔✔4 natural sources of CO2 GHG
fossil fuel burning, land use change, cement - ANS-✔✔3 anthropogenic sources of CO2 as a greenhouse gas
N-cycle, fires - ANS-✔✔2 natural sources of nitrous oxide GHG
gasoline burning, fires, excess agriculture fertilization - ANS-✔✔3 examples of anthropogenic source nitrous oxide GHG
digestion, anaerobic decomposition, leaching - ANS-✔✔3 examples of natural source methane GHGs
mining/drilling, agriculture - ANS-✔✔2 examples of anthropogenic source methane GHGs
none - ANS-✔✔example of natural fluorinated compounds green house gases
coolants - ANS-✔✔example of anthropogenic fluorinated compounds green house gases
transpiration, evaporation - ANS-✔✔2 examples of natural source GHG water vapor
nothing direct - ANS-✔✔example of anthropogenic source GHG water vapor
curing of cement - ANS-✔✔large contributor to atmospheric CO2 levels
evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff - ANS-✔✔What are the four stages of the water cycle?
more - ANS-✔✔Warm air holds _____ water vapor.
less - ANS-✔✔Warm water holds _____ dissolved gas (CO2).
Increasing CO2 causes the water vapor to warm the atmosphere, and the global warming increases evaporation, which increases water vapor... - ANS-✔✔What is the first of four feedback cycles to know?
positive - ANS-✔✔Water vapor feedback is a _____________ feedback.
More greenhouse gases lead to increasing temperatures, which warms oceans and decreases CO dissolved in water. So, CO2 Is released into atmosphere, where it causes more warming of the air and more warming of the water - ANS-✔✔What is the second CO2 feedback to know?
northern pole experiences greatest amount of warming - ANS-✔✔Where is the fastest global warming occuring?
late spring - ANS-✔✔During which time of year do we experience the highest amount of GHG emissions?
combustion, low respiration, decomposition from snow melting, dead leaves decomposing increasing GHGs - ANS-✔✔Four reasons why there are more GHGs in the mid- to late- spring:
dirt, asphalt, water - ANS-✔✔3 things with very low albedo
snow/ice, cumulus/stratus clouds, sea ice - ANS-✔✔3 things with very high albedo
when sea ice melts, the albedo lowers, and the ocean absorbs the sunlight. This exposes more ocean water and converts more heat. Over time, more ice reduces. - ANS-✔✔What is the 4th feedback to know?
snowball earth - ANS-✔✔Hypothesis that proposes that the Earth was entirely covered by ice in part of the Cryogenian period of the Proterozoic eon, and perhaps at other times in the history of Earth
albedo positive feedback loop - ANS-✔✔The snowball earth is a result of the...
volcanic activity; ash can reflect sunlight in atmosphere and temporarily cool the planet - ANS-✔✔One example of a natural change in albedo
proxy data - ANS-✔✔Data we can collect to infer something else (that we cannot measure) based on an established relationship
current relationships, back casting - ANS-✔✔We can infer past relationships between proxy data and climate by examining their ______________, and then ________________.
ice cores, tree rings, otoliths - ANS-✔✔3 examples of proxy data
280 ppm - ANS-✔✔amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere before the Industrial Revolution in parts per million (ppm)
418 ppm - ANS-✔✔The average CO2 concentration in 2022
Only 50% of emissions go to the atmosphere; the extra 50% of carbon emissions goes to the ocean and then plants - ANS-✔✔Atmospheric CO2 concentration rises, but not as fast as emissions; why?
100 - ANS-✔✔Today's rate of increase of CO2 emissions is more than ______ times faster than the increase that occurred when the last ice age ended.
atmosphere, land, oceans - ANS-✔✔3 places where humanity's CO2 goes:
model - ANS-✔✔a representation or simplification of a system to help viewers understand its behavior or make predictions
Statistical models and geospatial models - ANS-✔✔set of equations that describe the relationships between things in the environment
humans - ANS-✔✔Climate projections for 2100; what is the biggest source of variation in future climate outcomes?
RCPs - ANS-✔✔Representative Concentration Pathways: trajectories for greenhouse gas concentrations
between 1 and 4 degrees Celsius (closer to 4 now) - ANS-✔✔What is the future climate change estimate temperature increase by 2100?
evenly distributed - ANS-✔✔Warming is not _____________; an average temperature increase of 4 degrees doesn't mean everywhere increases by only 4 degrees; north pole will be heavily effected.
carbonate ions - ANS-✔✔Ocean acidification decreases...
calcification - ANS-✔✔process that hardens bones by adding calcium phosphate and collagen
echo up the food chain - ANS-✔✔A collapse in plankton populations would...
increasing atmospheric CO2 - ANS-✔✔Rate of pH decline in the ocean slows with warming, but it still falls with...
Ocean absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere, creating carbonic acid in the waters. Carbonic acid steals carbonate needed by some marine organisms for their shells. - ANS-✔✔How does the ocean and excess CO2 damage sealife that needs carbonic acid?
shells - ANS-✔✔Even small reductions in pH make it difficult for ___________ to form.
heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants - ANS-✔✔Some pollutants, such as _______ ___________ and _________ __________ __________ accumulate in organisms over time.
mercury, lead - ANS-✔✔What are 2 heavy metals?
POPs - ANS-✔✔persistent organic pollutants
fatty tissue - ANS-✔✔POPs (persistent organic pollutants) are stored in...
mercury/lead, PCBs, DDT - ANS-✔✔3 examples of persistent chemicals that bioaccumulate or magnify
trophic level, age - ANS-✔✔Toxic accumulation causes excess morality in 2 ways:
bioaccumulation - ANS-✔✔toxins build up in an individual as it ages
biomagnification - ANS-✔✔toxic concentrations increase as you move up through trophic levels
high levels of contaminants are passed to offspring through breastmilk - ANS-✔✔Orcas experience high juvenile morality because...
source - ANS-✔✔where CO2 is made
sink - ANS-✔✔where CO2 goes
atmospheric CO2 concentrations and temperature rise - ANS-✔✔What happens when sources of CO are greater than sinks of CO2?
kelp forest will have higher concentrations of POPs - ANS-✔✔Will the effect of POPS be higher in kelp forest or urchin barrens?
increase this heat production to maintain a specific internal temperature - ANS-✔✔Although ectotherms do generate some metabolic heat—like all living things—ectotherms can't ______________________________.
No - ANS-✔✔Can ectotherms increase the rate of sugar they burn through respiration?
photosynthesis - ANS-✔✔Which of the following DOES NOT produce atmospheric CO2?
fossil fuel burning
According to this food web, if the populations of sea otters declines, what would happen to the population of kelp?
it would go up - ANS-✔✔If red abalone had a population boom in the kelp forest and as a result they would become easier for otters to find. If the length of time it takes an otter to dive to find an abalone is cut in half, what will that do to its position in the order of preferred prey according to the Optimal Foraging Theory?
no, because orcas can eat other things - ANS-✔✔Do we expect whale and orca populations to fluctuate cyclically over time like these theoretical populations?
d - ANS-✔✔True or False: If cancer crab populations increased significantly in a kelp forest, urchin populations would increase.
a. False, because urchins are higher on the preferred prey list according to the optimal foraging theory.
b. False, because urchins taste better and otters know they need to be controlled for the health of the kelp forest.
c. True, and they will stop eating urchins altogether leading to urchins becoming so populous that they eat all the kelp and create a trophic cascade.
d. True, because cancer crabs are higher on the preferred prey list according to the optimal foraging theory, so fewer urchins will be eaten by otters.
c - ANS-✔✔Savannah ecosystems (grasslands with a few scattered trees-like in Africa) can be maintained by fire. Frequent, low-intensity fires that spread quickly in dry grass kill back tree seedlings periodically and prevent forests from growing, maintaining this open appearance.
However, when we put out all fires, as has been the practice in the US since the 1940's, fires are extinguished before they spread and kill the tree seedlings, even when they pose no danger to humans or property. This allows a forest to grow (succession!).
Once in this forested state, small fires that used to start and spread quickly from a lightning strike don't spread as fast across more humid forest soils or through vegetation with a higher water content as is common in forests.
As an example of an alternative stable state, what statement below regarding this forest/savannah relationship is FALSE?
a. The communities and ecosystem structure are drastically different in each stable state.
b. The forest's high ecosystem stability prevents drastic change due to a disturbance.
c. It is impossible to go from forest back to grassland.
d. conversion of one stable state to the other is very difficult.
b - ANS-✔✔Which is NOT a piece of evidence that suggested orcas were responsible for the recent decline in otter populations?
a. Otter populations in protected bays were not declining.
b. They were finding lots of otters washed up on the beaches with orca bite marks.
c. Other orca food sources had drastically declined in recent decades.
d. A relatively small increase in orca predation could account for the huge number of missing otters.
c - ANS-✔✔Using what we know about the Optimal Foraging Theory, what would we expect to happen to the distribution of kelp forests if the populations of great whales and sea lions increased significantly in the next few years?
a. Orcas would continue to feed on otters and kelp forests would continue to decline.
b. Orca populations and predation on whales and sea lions would drastically increase, but it would not accompany a decrease in otter predation.
c. Otter populations would increase over the next few decades, slowly increasing the coverage of kelp forest.
d. Otter populations would rebound, but the kelp forests are unlikely to return.
a, c, d - ANS-✔✔Coral reefs are marine ecosystems with a lot of vertical complexity. This means that they also have ____________. [Select all that apply]
a. little impact from normal disturbances
b. the ability to conserve much more than 10% of the energy between trophic levels
c. high ecosystem stability
