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(Ch.10)representational systems
in neo-Piagetian terminology, the third stage in development of self-definition, characterized by breadth, balance, and integration, and assessment of various aspects of the self TERM 2
industry vs inferiority
DEFINITION 2 Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development, in which children must learn the productive skills their culture requires or else face feelings of inferiority TERM 3
internalizing behaviors
DEFINITION 3 behaviors by which emotional problems are turned inward; for example, anxiety or depression TERM 4
externalizing behaviors
DEFINITION 4 behaviors by which a child acts out emotional difficulties; for example, aggression or hostility TERM 5
coregulation
DEFINITION 5 transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment- to-moment self regulation
prejudice
unfavorable attitude toward members of certain groups outside one's own, especially racial or ethnic groups TERM 7
hostile attribution bias
DEFINITION 7 tendency to perceive others as trying to hurt one and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense TERM 8
bullying
DEFINITION 8 aggression deliberately and persistently directed against a particular target, or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable and defenseless TERM 9
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
DEFINITION 9 pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, hostility and defiance TERM 10
conduct disorder (CD)
DEFINITION 10 repetitive, persistent pattern of aggressive, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others
childhood depression
mood disorder characterized by such symptoms as a prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, physical complaints, and thoughts of death or suicide TERM 17
individual psychotherapy
DEFINITION 17 psychological treatment in which a therapist sees a troubled person one-on-one TERM 18
family therapy
DEFINITION 18 psychological treatment in which a therapist sees the whole family together to analyze patterns of family functioning TERM 19
behavior therapy
DEFINITION 19 therapeutic approach using principles of learning theory to encourage desired behaviors or eliminate undesired ones; also called behavior modification TERM 20
art therapy
DEFINITION 20 therapeutic approach that allows a person to express troubled feelings without words, using a variety of art materials and media
play therapy
therapeutic approach that uses play to help a child cope with emotional distress TERM 22
drug therapy
DEFINITION 22 administration of drugs to treat emotional disorders TERM 23
resilient children
DEFINITION 23 children who weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events TERM 24
protective factors
DEFINITION 24 influences that reduce the impact of early stress and tend to predict positive outcomes TERM 25
(Ch.11)adolescence
DEFINITION 25 developmental transition between childhood and adulthood entailing major physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes
secular trend
trend that can be seen only by observing several generations, such as the trend toward earlier attainment of adult height and sexual maturity, which began a century ago in some countries TERM 32
adolescent growth
spurt
DEFINITION 32 sharp increase in height and weight that precedes sexual maturity TERM 33
body image
DEFINITION 33 descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one's appearance TERM 34
anorexia nervosa
DEFINITION 34 eating disorder characterized by self-starvation TERM 35
bulimia nervosa
DEFINITION 35 eating disorder in which a person regularly eats huge quantities of food and then purges the body by laxatives, induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise
substance abuse
repeated harmful use of a substance usually alcohol or other drugs TERM 37
substance dependence
DEFINITION 37 addiction (physical, or psychological, or both) to a harmful substance TERM 38
formal operations
DEFINITION 38 Piaget's final stage of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to think abstractly TERM 39
hypothetical-deductive reasoning
DEFINITION 39 ability, believed by Piaget, to accompany the stage of formal operations, to develop, consider, and test hypotheses TERM 40
declarative knowledge
DEFINITION 40 acquired factual knowledge stored in long-term memory
active engagement
personal involvement in schooling, work, family, or other activity TERM 47
(Ch.12) identity
DEFINITION 47 according to Erikson, a coherent conception of the self, made up of goals, values, and beliefs to which a person is solidly committed TERM 48
identity vs identity confusion
DEFINITION 48 Erikson's fifth stage of psycosocial development, in which an adolescent seeks to develop a coherent sense of self, including the role she or he is to play in society; also called identity vs role confusion TERM 49
identity statuses
DEFINITION 49 Marcia's term for states of ego development that depend on the presence or absence of crisis and commitment TERM 50
crisis
DEFINITION 50 Marcia's term for period of conscious decision making related to identity formation
commitment
Marcia's term for personal investment in an occupation or system of beliefs TERM 52
identity achievement
DEFINITION 52 identity status, described by Marcia that is characterized by commitment to choices made following a crisis, a period spent in exploring alternatives TERM 53
foreclosure
DEFINITION 53 identity status, described by Marcia, in which a person who has not spent time considering alternatives (that is, has not been in crisis) is committed to other people's plans for his or her life TERM 54
moratorium
DEFINITION 54 identity status, described by Marcia, in which a person is currently considering alternatives (in crisis) and seems headed for commitment TERM 55
identity diffusion
DEFINITION 55 identity status, described by Marcia, that is characterized by absence of commitment and lack of serious consideration of alternatives
(Ch.8) emotional regulation
ability to control emotional arousal and direct emotional expression in a socially acceptable way, to maintain organized behavior in the presence of strong emotions (eg. anger) TERM 62
prosocial behavior
DEFINITION 62 any voluntary behavior intended to help others TERM 63
aggressive behaviors
DEFINITION 63 any voluntary behaviors intended to hurt others TERM 64
Instrumental aggression
DEFINITION 64 forceful behavior aimed at getting or keeping an object TERM 65
direct relational aggression
DEFINITION 65 use of relationship as a means to hurt others or achieve a goal
indirect relational aggression
use of social community to hurt others (spreading rumors, social alienation, social exclusion) TERM 67
Albert Bandura's named theory
DEFINITION 67 social learning theory; observational/imitative learning TERM 68
Baumrind's model
DEFINITION 68 parenting styles based on: expression of warmth, discipline+control, expectation for maturity, quality of communication TERM 69
authoritarian, permissive, authoritative,
uninvolved
DEFINITION 69 four types of parenting styles
