Docsity
Log inSign up
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources
Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study
Go to the blog

Understanding Chemical Bonding and its Role in Climate Change, Summaries of Chemistry

Michigan State University College of LawChemistry

An in-depth exploration of chemical bonding concepts, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, Lewis structures, electronegativity, and polar bonds. It also discusses the relationship between chemical bonding and the greenhouse effect.

Typology: Summaries

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/12/2022

amoda
amoda 🇺🇸

4.1

(13)

257 documents

1 / 25

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
2/16/2018
1
Ch. 4 - Chemical Bonding:
Understanding Climate Change
Chapter Outline
4.1 Types of Chemical Bonds
4.2 Naming Compounds and Writing
Formulas
4.3 Lewis Structures
4.4 Electronegativity, Unequal Sharing,
and Polar Bonds
4.5 Vibrating Bonds and the Greenhouse Effect
4.6 Resonance
4.7 Formal Charge: Choosing among Lewis Structures
4.8 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
4.8 The Lengths and Strengths of Covalent Bonds
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19

Partial preview of the text

Download Understanding Chemical Bonding and its Role in Climate Change and more Summaries Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity!

Ch. 4 - Chemical Bonding:

Understanding Climate Change

Chapter Outline

4.1 Types of Chemical Bonds  4.2 Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas  4.3 Lewis Structures  4.4 Electronegativity, Unequal Sharing, and Polar Bonds  4.5 Vibrating Bonds and the Greenhouse Effect  4.6 Resonance  4.7 Formal Charge: Choosing among Lewis Structures  4.8 Exceptions to the Octet Rule  4.8 The Lengths and Strengths of Covalent Bonds

Ionic Covalent Metallic

Types of Chemical Bonds

 Types of chemical bonds:

  • Ionic Bond – electrons transferred: chemical bond resulting from the electrostatic attraction of a cation for an anion.
  • Covalent Bond – chemical bond that results from a sharing of outermost electrons.
  • Metallic Bond – chemical bond consisting of the nuclei of metal atoms surrounded by a “sea” of shared electrons.

Chemical Bonds

Lattice Energy (U)

  • As charges increase, so does the lattice energy
  • As the distance between ions decreases, the lattice energy increases
  • The energy released when one mole of an ionic compound forms from its free ions in the gas phase.

Covalent Bonds

H 2

Metallic Bonds

Cu = [Ar]3d^10 4s^1

4s^1

3d^10

  ^ ^ 

Bond Type Summary

1A ns^11 2A ns^22 3A (^) ns^2 np^13 4A (^) ns^2 np^24 5A (^) ns^2 np^35 6A (^) ns^2 np^46 7A (^) ns^2 np^57 Group e-^ configuration # of valence e- Lewis Dot Symbol Lewis Symbols and the Periodic Table Lewis Symbols and the Periodic Table Unpaired dots = bonding capacity. Main Group Elements: Members of same family have same number of valence electrons, and similar bonding capacities.

[Ne]3s^1 [Ne] Na Na+^ + e

[Ne]3s^2 3p^5 [Ne]3s^2 3p^6 = [Ar] e

  • Cl^ Na +

Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds

Cl Na

+ Cl-

Cl

Sample Exercise 4.8 (Modified)

Draw the Lewis symbols of the monatomic ions formed by calcium and oxygen. Then draw the Lewis structure of calcium oxide (CaO).

  1. Sum up the total number of valence electrons (use the group number), and calculate the number of pairs.
  2. Connect the atoms together so that each atom has an octet (except H). You may have to form multiple bonds.

Guidelines for Drawing Lewis Structures

(updated later on with the concept of “formal charge”) Double bond – two atoms share two pairs of electrons Triple bond – two atoms share three pairs of electrons C 2 H 2

CO 2

Multiple Bonds – sharing more than one pair of electrons H 2 CO N 2

Lewis Structures of Charged Species ClO

NO 2

Electronegativity, Unequal Sharing, and Polar BondsElectronegativity ():

  • Ability of an atom to attract bonding electrons.
  • Periodic trend similar to ionization energy.

Electro-

negativities

Polar Covalent Bonds - Unequal sharing of electrons resulting in an uneven distribution of charge. Difference Bond Type Covalent  2 Ionic 0.4 < EN < 2 Polar Covalent

Cl 2

HCl

NaCl

Electronegativity Trends

 As seen previously, electronegativity increases moving up to the right in the periodic table. (Noble gases not included.)  Bond polarity increases as ΔEN increases. ΔEN = 1.9 0.9 0.7 0.

Sample Exercise 4.

Rank, in order of increasing polarity, the bonds formed between - O and C Cl and Ca N and S O and Si Are any of these bonds considered ionic?

Chapter Outline

 4.1 Types of Chemical Bonds  4.2 Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas  4.3 Lewis Structures  4.4 Electronegativity, Unequal Sharing, and Polar Bonds  4.5 Vibrating Bonds and the Greenhouse Effect  4.6 Resonance  4.7 Formal Charge: Choosing among Lewis Structures  4.8 Exceptions to the Octet Rule  4.8 The Lengths and Strengths of Covalent Bonds 2 8

Sample Exercise 4.13: Drawing Resonance Structures Draw all the resonance structures of the nitrate ion. Resonance in Organic Compounds 3 2 Benzene = C 6 H 6 and it forms a ring

Chapter Outline

 4.1 Types of Chemical Bonds  4.2 Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas  4.3 Lewis Structures  4.4 Electronegativity, Unequal Sharing, and Polar Bonds  4.5 Vibrating Bonds and the Greenhouse Effect  4.6 Resonance  4.7 Formal Charge: Choosing among Lewis Structures  4.8 Exceptions to the Octet Rule  4.8 The Lengths and Strengths of Covalent Bonds 3 3

 Three possible Lewis structures. Which one is

best?

Formal charge (FC): FC = # valence electrons – [ (# lone pair e-) + ½ (# shared)] 3 4

Formal Charge and Lewis Structures

Practice: Formal Charge

What is the most likely Lewis structure for CO 2?

  1. For neutral molecules, a Lewis structure in which there are no formal charges is preferable to one in which formal charges are present.
  2. Lewis structures with large formal charges are less plausible than those with small formal charges.
  3. Among Lewis structures having similar distributions of formal charges, the most plausible structure is the one in which negative formal charges are placed on the more electronegative atoms.

Summary: Formal Charge and Lewis Structures

A way to decide which Lewis Structure, out of several possibilities, that’s the most stable and therefore the most likely.

Chapter Outline

 4.1 Types of Chemical Bonds  4.2 Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas  4.3 Lewis Structures  4.4 Electronegativity, Unequal Sharing, and Polar Bonds  4.5 Vibrating Bonds and the Greenhouse Effect  4.6 Resonance  4.7 Formal Charge: Choosing among Lewis Structures  4.8 Exceptions to the Octet Rule  4.8 The Lengths and Strengths of Covalent Bonds 3 9

1. The Incomplete Octet (Central atom in Group 3A) e.g. BF 3

Exceptions to the Octet Rule