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Class notes for chapter 1 of financial management
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Key: RED Important PURPLE S Corporation ( are not subject to corporate tax) BLUE C Corporation ( pay double tax) Objectives: ● Identify 3 forms of business organization ● Explain the advantages & disadvantages of these 3 forms ● Understand the links between stock price & intrinsic value ● Identify the conflict of interests & how to reduce them 3 Types of Business Organization: ● Proprietorship 👑 (highest %) ○ Definition : An unincorporated business owned by one individual ○ Examples: a local bakery store, salon, a freelance, YouTuber. ■ Advantages : ● Easy & inexpensive to form ● Subject to a few government regulations ● Subject to lower income taxes than are corporations ■ Disadvantages : ● Unlimited personal liability for the business’ debts ● Limited life of business ● Diicult to bring large amount of capital ● Partnership ○ Definition: An unincorporated business owned by two or more individuals. ○ Examples : a law firm, friends deciding to start a restaurant together. ■ Advantages : ● Easy & inexpensive to form ● Subject to lower income taxes ■ Disadvantages : ● Unlimited personal liability ● Diicult to bring large amounts of capital ● Corporate 👑 (highest $$) ○ Definition: A legal entity created by a state, separate and distinct from its owners & managers, having unlimited life, easy transferability of ownership (stocks) and limited liability. ○ Examples: GE, Amazon, Nintendo.
■ Advantages: ● Limited personal liability → its owners can lose only the fund that they invested in the company ● Easier to transfer shares of stocks & raise capital ■ Disadvantages : ● Double taxation: corporate tax, and then personal income personal income tax to the stockholders. ● Subject to more stringent regulations. Limited Liability Company LLC : ● Definition : A hybrid of partnership & corporate; limited liability protection but are taxed as partnership; investors have votes in proportion to their ownership. ● Examples: a law firm, friends deciding to start a business together. The Ultimate Goal: ● The Ultimate Goal = Money. The more, the beer → Stockholders ● That is equivalent to increasing a stock’s intrinsic value. ○ But intrinsic value is unbearable; usually it is linked to the stock price or other accounting items. ● In equilibrium , a stock’s price should equal its intrinsic value ○ However, some stocks are overvalued (stock price > intrinsic value), while some are undervalues (stock price < intrinsic value). Information, Intrinsic Value, & Market Reaction: ● Intrinsic value is an estimate ● Dierent estimates of intrinsic value are POSSIBLE when using dierent data & holding dierent views about the future. ● Market price is based on perception ● Demand-supply eect / optimism-pessimism ● Marginal investors determine the actual price Agency Problem / Stockholder- Manager Conflicts: ● Definition : A conflict of interest that occurs when agents don’t fully represent the best interests of principals (stockholders) ○ Managers’ objective is to maximize their own value, not firms’ ● How to reduce an agency problem: ○ Design eective compensation packages (option & stocks)