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Chronic Adaptations to Training: Aerobic and Cardiovascular Changes in the Body, Quizzes of Sport Marketing

Stetson UniversitySport Marketing

The chronic adaptations that occur in the body as a result of sustained training, focusing on aerobic and cardiovascular changes. Topics include increased left ventricle size and volume, capillarisation of the heart muscle, stroke volume, lower resting heart rate, cardiac output, and increased oxygen utilisation. These adaptations lead to improved aerobic fitness and efficiency.

What you will learn

  • What are chronic adaptations in athletes?
  • What are the anaerobic adaptations that occur in athletes?
  • What are the aerobic adaptations that occur in athletes?

Typology: Quizzes

2018/2019

Uploaded on 09/14/2019

gunaashw
gunaashw 🇺🇸

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TERM 1
Chronic adaptations
DEFINITION 1
- Long term physiological changes that occur as a result of
training- Requires at least 6-8 weeks of sustained training at
least 3 times a week- Dependent on the SAID principle
(specific adaptations to imposed demands- Aerobic,
Cardiovascular
TERM 2
Increased left ventricle size and volume
DEFINITION 2
- Known as cardiac hypertrophy- Common in endurance
athletes- Increases blood circulation as the heart beats
stronger and more blood per beat- Aerobic, Cardiovascular
TERM 3
Increased capillarisation of the heart muscle
DEFINITION 3
- An increase in the number of blood vessels to the heart
causing greater supply of oxygen resulting in stronger more
efficient heart beats at rest and during exercise- Aerobic,
Cardiovascular
TERM 4
Increased Stroke Volume (SV)
DEFINITION 4
- Greater volume of blood ejected by the heart per beat as a
result of cardiac hypertrophy- Aerobic, Cardiovascular
TERM 5
Lower resting Heart Rate (HR)
DEFINITION 5
- Indicates better cardiac efficiency and is a good indicator of
aerobic fitness- Aerobic, Cardiovascular
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Chronic adaptations

  • Long term physiological changes that occur as a result of training- Requires at least 6-8 weeks of sustained training at least 3 times a week- Dependent on the SAID principle (specific adaptations to imposed demands- Aerobic, Cardiovascular TERM 2

Increased left ventricle size and volume

DEFINITION 2

  • Known as cardiac hypertrophy- Common in endurance athletes- Increases blood circulation as the heart beats stronger and more blood per beat- Aerobic, Cardiovascular TERM 3

Increased capillarisation of the heart muscle

DEFINITION 3

  • An increase in the number of blood vessels to the heart causing greater supply of oxygen resulting in stronger more efficient heart beats at rest and during exercise- Aerobic, Cardiovascular TERM 4

Increased Stroke Volume (SV)

DEFINITION 4

  • Greater volume of blood ejected by the heart per beat as a result of cardiac hypertrophy- Aerobic, Cardiovascular TERM 5

Lower resting Heart Rate (HR)

DEFINITION 5

  • Indicates better cardiac efficiency and is a good indicator of aerobic fitness- Aerobic, Cardiovascular

Cardiac output (Q)

  • Is given by the formula Q = Stroke volume x Heart rate- a greater stroke volume means the heart does not have to beat as often to to supply the required oxygen- Aerobic, Cardiovascular TERM 7

Lower heart rate at submaximal

workloads

DEFINITION 7

  • Occurs as a result of increased stroke volume- At a given intensity, a trained athletes heart rate will be lower than that of an untrained athlete- Indicates a more efficient aerobic and cardiovascular system- Aerobic, Cardiovascular TERM 8

Faster recovery heart

rate

DEFINITION 8

  • After exercise, a trained athletes heart rate will return to resting levels quicker than that of an untrained individual- The quicker their heart rate returns to normal, the greater their aerobic fitness- Aerobic, Cardiovascular TERM 9

Increased cardiac output at maximal

workloads

DEFINITION 9

  • In trained athletes, cardiac output increases at maximal workloads due to increases in stroke volume compared to untrained individuals- Aerobic, Cardiovascular TERM 10

Decreased blood pressure

DEFINITION 10

  • Reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest and exercise is due to increased efficiency of the heart- Aerobic, Cardiovascular

Increased Lung Ventilation

(V)

-Also known as minute ventilation- V = Respiratory Frequency x Tidal Volume- Increases the amount of air inhaled by the lungs, allowing more oxygen to be consumed- Aerobic, Respiratory TERM 17

Increased VO2 max

DEFINITION 17

  • The maximum rate at which an individual can take in oxygen (respiratory system), transport it (cardiovascular system) and utilise it (muscular system) to produce ATP- Is an excellent indicator of aerobic fitness- Aerobic, applies to all systems TERM 18

Increased lung volume

DEFINITION 18 -Increased lung volume allows for more oxygen to be inhaled and utilised for aerobic activity- Aerobic, Respiratory TERM 19

Increased efficiency of ventilatory

muscles

DEFINITION 19

  • A reduction in the amount of oxygen required for the diaphragm and intercostal muscles means there is more oxygen available for working muscles- Aerobic, Respiratory TERM 20

Increased oxygen

utilisation

DEFINITION 20

  • Caused by an increase in the number and size of mitochondria allowing for more sites of aerobic respiration- As well as an increase in myoglobin, which transports oxygen from the bloodstream to mitochondria- Aerobic, Muscular

Increased Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference

(a-VO2 Diff)

  • An increase in oxygen utilisation leads to an increased a- VO2 difference- See factors for increased oxygen utilisation- Aerobic, Muscular TERM 22

Increased Muscular fuel stores and oxidative

enzymes

DEFINITION 22

  • Increased stores of glycogen (glucose) and triglycerides (fats) in slow twitch muscle fibres and an increase in the enzyme that break down these fuels allows for more efficient energy production- This means that there is less reliance on the anaerobic glycolysis system until higher intensities- Aerobic, Muscular TERM 23

Increased oxidation of glucose and

triglycerides

DEFINITION 23 -Increased oxidation of triglycerides as a result of increased stores and oxidative enzymes means that at any given intensity the body has to rely less on glycogen, sparing their glycogen reserves- This is known as glycogen sparing- Aerobic, Muscular TERM 24

Increased strength of connective tissue

DEFINITION 24

  • Tendons and ligaments become stronger- Aerobic, Muscular TERM 25

Increased Lactate Inflection Point (LIP)

DEFINITION 25

  • The body is better able to handle and break down lactic acid, meaning it can work at higher intensities for longer- The accumulation of lactic acid and Hydrogen ions is delayed until higher intensities of exercise, which is advantageous as athletes can work at higher intensities without fatiguing- Is measured as a percentage of maximum heart rate or VO2 Max- Aerobic, applies to all systems

Cardiac

Hypertrophy

  • Sustained anaerobic training causes the actual size of the heart muscle to increase by increasing the thickness of the ventricular walls- Therefore there is no change in stroke volume, but there is a more forceful ejection of blood from the heart- Anaerobic adaptation TERM 32

Neural control/adaptations

DEFINITION 32

  • Prior to muscular hypertrophy, gains in strength are due to increased neural adaptations- Motor units become more synchronised and fire all at once instead of smallest then largest motor units according to the size principle- The rate at which motor units fire also increases, this means that muscles contract more quickly, not more forcefully- The combination of these two factors is known as the neural drive- Neuromuscular, resistance training TERM 33

Increase in muscle size and change in muscle

structure

DEFINITION 33

  • Resistance training makes muscles stronger and larger- The increase in size and strength is due to the increase in the total number and size of myofibrils in the muscle- Neuromuscular, resistance training TERM 34

Muscle fibre type adaptation

DEFINITION 34

  • Type 2 fast-twitch muscle fibres show greater increase in size particularly with higher loads compared to Type 1 slow- twitch muscle fibres- Neuromuscular, resistance training TERM 35

Reduction in inhibitory signals

DEFINITION 35

  • Inhibitory signals exist to protect the muscle from exerting forces that it is not capable of tolerating- Neuromuscular, resistance training

Chronic adaptations vs Acute adaptations

  • Chronic adaptations occur in the long term and require at least 6-8 weeks of training 2-3 times per week, take a long time to happen and a long time to revert back to normal- Acute adaptations occur immediately as a result of partaking in exercise, take a short time to revert back to normal TERM 37

Sports Drinks (Isotonic, Hypotonic and

Hypertonic)

DEFINITION 37

  • Isotonic drinks replenish carbohydrates and electrolytes- Hypotonic drinks mainly replace fluids and electrolytes lost through sweat, are absorbed quickly by the body- Hypertonic drinks are heavy in carbohydrates and absorbed slowly by the body. Need to be taken with isotonic drinks to replace lost fluids, and are useful for endurance athletes TERM 38

Electrolytes

DEFINITION 38

  • Minerals that are found in body tissues and blood in the form of dissolved salts- Aid muscle contractions and brain function TERM 39

Sleep (Psychological strategy)

DEFINITION 39

  • Plays an important role in tissue growth and repair, immune function and allowing the brain to rest and recover TERM 40

Mental imagery (Psychological strategy)

DEFINITION 40

  • Visualisation, is used to help athletes calm themselves down if they are feeling nervous- Simulation, athletes simulate what they are about to perform in their mind