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Define the construct of personality in terms of
consistency and distinctiveness.
- Consistency: Stability in a persons behavior over time and across situations 2. Distinctiveness: Behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situations. TERM 2
Personality
DEFINITION 2 An individuals unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits. TERM 3
Personality trait
DEFINITION 3 Durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations. TERM 4
Five-Factor Model
DEFINITION 4 In contemporary psychology, the "Big Five" factors of personality are five broad domains or dimensions of personality which are used to describe human personality. TERM 5
Neuroticism
DEFINITION 5 Worried v. calm, insecure v. secure, self-pitying v. self- satisfied.
Extraversion
Sociable v. retiring, fun-loving v. sober, affectionate v. reserved. TERM 7
Openness to experience
DEFINITION 7 Imaginative v. down-to-earth, preference for variety v. preference for routine, independent v. conforming TERM 8
Agreeableness
DEFINITION 8 Agreeableness is a tendency to be pleasant and accommodating in social situations. TERM 9
Conscientiousness
DEFINITION 9 Well-organized v. disorganized, careful versus carless, self- disciplined versus weak willed. TERM 10
Three components of personality
DEFINITION 10 Id, Ego, and Superego
Preconscious
Material just beyond the surface of awareness that can be easily retrieved. EX: Your middle name. TERM 17
Unconscious
DEFINITION 17 Thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness, but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior. EX: Forgotten trauma. TERM 18
Anxiety
DEFINITION 18 Unconscious conflicts that the ego is trying to mediate. Can take the form of the ego worrying about a. The id getting out of control and doing something terrible that leads to severe negative consequences b. The superego getting out of control and making you feel guilty about real or imagined transgression. TERM 19
Defense mechanisms
DEFINITION 19 Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt TERM 20
Repression
DEFINITION 20 Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
Projection
Attributing ones own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another. TERM 22
Displacement
DEFINITION 22 Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target TERM 23
Reaction Formation
DEFINITION 23 Behaving in a way that is exactly the opposite of ones true feelings. TERM 24
Regression
DEFINITION 24 A reversion to immature patterns of behavior TERM 25
Rationalization
DEFINITION 25 Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior
Phallic Stage
Around age four, genitals become focus for erotic energy, though self stimulation. Characterized by Oedipus complex in boys and penis envy in girls TERM 32
Oedipal
Complex
DEFINITION 32 Erotically tinged preference for either mother or father, and competition and feelings of hostility towards other parent. TERM 33
Penis Envy
DEFINITION 33 Little girls want a penis and blame their mothers for their anatomical deficiency. TERM 34
Latency and Genital Stages
DEFINITION 34 Age six through puberty, childs sexuality is suppressed and becomes latent. During this stage, social contact expands beyond family. In puberty, genital stage starts. Sexual urges reappear and focus on genitals again, but channeled towards peers rather than oneself in phallic stage. TERM 35
Jung
DEFINITION 35 Two-layered Unconscious Analytical Psychology Collective Unconscious Archetypes
Two-layered Unconscious
i. Personal unconscious: Houses material that is not within ones conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten. ii. Collective unconscious: Storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from peoples ancestral past. Shared with entire human race. TERM 37
Archetypes
DEFINITION 37 Emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning. Understanding of these leads to understanding of dreams. TERM 38
Adler
DEFINITION 38 Individual psychology Striving for superiority Importance of birth order Compensation TERM 39
Striving for Superiority
DEFINITION 39 Universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master lifes challenges. i. Motivation for life, as children strive to be as superior as adults and thus learn new skills. NOT like Freud, who said it was self-serving. TERM 40
Compensation
DEFINITION 40 Involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing ones abilities.
Behaviorism
Theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior. TERM 47
Social learning theory (social cognitive
theory)
DEFINITION 47 Conditioning is not a mechanical process in which people are passive. Goal setting and planning are also important in this. TERM 48
Reciprocal determinism
DEFINITION 48 The environment does determine behavior (Skinner), but behavior also determines environment. The idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another. TERM 49
Observational Learning
DEFINITION 49 Occurs when an organisms responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. TERM 50
Self-Efficacy
DEFINITION 50 Ones belief about ones ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. a. High self-efficacy = person feels confident that he can execute the responses necessary to earn reinforces. Low is opposite. b. Great self- efficacy is correlated with less procrastination and great success in giving up smoking, more weight loss, etc.
Bandura
Self-Efficacy Behaviorism Social Learning Theory Reciprocal Determinism TERM 52
Mischel
DEFINITION 52
- Advocate of social learning theory, main contribution is to focus attention on the extent to which situational factors govern behavior. People try to gauge the reinforcement contingencies and adjest their behavior to the circumstances.
- People exhibit far less consistency across situations than we thought TERM 53
Person-situation debate
DEFINITION 53 The relative importance of the person as opposed to the situation in determining behavior. a. The debate has lead to the recognition that both the person and the situation are important determinants of behavior. b. Each prevails at a different level of analysis c. However, when larger chunks of typical behavior over time are examined, people are reasonably consistent and personality traits are more influential. TERM 54
Strength in Behavioral
DEFINITION 54 a. Rooted in empirical research rather than clinical intuition b. Skinner = environment consequences affect behavior c. Bandura = social cognitive theory that has expanded the horizons of behaviorism and increased its relevance to the study of personality. d. Mischel = increasing psychologys awareness of how situational factors shape behavior. TERM 55
Weaknesses in Behavioral
DEFINITION 55 a. Dehumanizing nature of radical behaviorism. i. Denying the existence of free will ii. Strips human behavior of its most uniquely human elements b. Dilution of the behavioral approach i. Neglects cognitive processes c. Fragmentation of personality i. Carves personality into stimulus-response associations, no unifying structural concepts to tie it together.
Incongruence
The degree of disparity between ones self-concept and ones actual experience. TERM 62
Maslow
DEFINITION 62 Hierarchy of needs Self-actualization TERM 63
Hierarchy of needs
DEFINITION 63 A systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused. a. When a person satisfies a level of need reasonably well, it activates needs at the next level. b. Needs at the top of the pyramid are growth needs TERM 64
Self-actualization
DEFINITION 64 The highest place on Maslows pyramid, the need to fulfill ones potential. a. What a man can be, he must be. b. Self- actualizing persons are people with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth. TERM 65
Strength of Humanistic Approach
DEFINITION 65 a. Made self-concept an important construct in psychology b. Laid foundation for emergence of positive psychology movement c. Argument that a persons subjective views may be more important than objective reality is compelling.
Weaknesses of Humanistic Approach
a. Poor testability b. Unrealistic view of human nature c. Inadequate evidence TERM 67
Eysenck
DEFINITION 67 Hierarchy of traits Genetics Introverts are more conditionable than extroverts TERM 68
Psychoticism
DEFINITION 68 involves being egocentric, impulsive, cold, and antisocial TERM 69
Why are introverts more "conditionable" than
extraverts, according to Eysenck?
DEFINITION 69 a. People who condition more easily acquire more conditioned inhibitions than others -> social discomfort -> introversion TERM 70
Buss
DEFINITION 70 Big Five stand out as important dimensions of personality because those traits have had significant adaptive implications. a. Fundamental dimension of personality because humans have evolved special sensitivity to variations in ability to bond with others (extraversion), willingness to cooperate and collaborate (agreeableness), etc.
I feel that the major, most fundamental
dimensions of personality are likely to be
those on which [there is] strong genetic
determination of individual differences.
Eysenck TERM 77
People are in general not candid over sexual
matters they wear a heavy overcoat woven of
a tissue of lies, as though the weather were
bad in the world of sexuality.
DEFINITION 77 Freud TERM 78
EXAMPLE: Behavioral Banduras observational
learning
DEFINITION 78 Thirteen-year-old Sarah watches a TV show in which the leading female character manipulates her boyfriend by acting helpless and purposely losing games against him. The female lead repeatedly expresses her slogan, Never let thme know you can take care of yourself. Sarah becomes more passive and less competitive. TERM 79
EXAMPLE: Humanistic -- Maslow's self-
actualization and hierarchy of needs
DEFINITION 79 Yolanda has a secure, enjoyable, reasonably well-paid job as a tenured English professor at a state university. Her friends are dumbfounded when she announces shes going to resign and give it all up to try writing a novel. She says, I need a new challenge. Its something I have to try. I wont be happy until I do TERM 80
EXAMPLE: Psychodynamic -- Freud's Oedipus
Complex
DEFINITION 80 Vladimir, who is 4, seems to be emotionally distant from and inattentive to his father. In contrast, he often cuddles in bed with his mother and tries to behave well to please her
At first I pouted in my room endlessly.
Regression TERM 82
I told several friends that she was probably
lonely and depressed.
DEFINITION 82 Identification TERM 83
I was happy about the breakup and talked
about how much I was going to enjoy my
newfound freedom.
DEFINITION 83 Reaction Formation TERM 84
At one point I couldnt even remember her
phone number.
DEFINITION 84 Repression TERM 85
We were bound to break up sooner or later, I
was better off without her
DEFINITION 85 Rationalization
