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Antiretroviral Agents and DNA Polymerases: Understanding Their Mechanisms, Quizzes of Pharmacology

Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM)Pharmacology

Definitions and mechanisms of various antiretroviral agents and dna polymerases. It covers reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nrti and nnrtis), fusion inhibitor (enfuvirtide), and integrase inhibitor (raltegravir). Additionally, it explains the roles of bacterial dna polymerases (i, ii, and iii), primase, helicases, single-stranded binding proteins, and dna ligase. The document also discusses the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms in terms of chromosome structure, number of origins, and topoisomerases.

Typology: Quizzes

2013/2014

Uploaded on 11/07/2014

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TERM 1
Reverse Transcriptase
DEFINITION 1
An enzyme that catalyzes the production of a DNA copy from
an RNA template
TERM 2
Antiretroviral mechanism of Enfuvirtide
DEFINITION 2
36 AA peptide that blocks entry into the cell (fusion inhibitor)
TERM 3
Antiretroviral Agent mechanism of
Zidovudine-AZT
DEFINITION 3
a deoxythymidine analog that is a nucleoside/nucleotide
reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)
TERM 4
Antiretroviral mechanism of Didanosine ddl
DEFINITION 4
a synthetic analog of deoxyadenosine that acts as a NRTI
TERM 5
Antiretroviral mechanism of Zalcitabine- DDC
DEFINITION 5
a cytosine analog (another NRTI)
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Reverse Transcriptase

An enzyme that catalyzes the production of a DNA copy from

an RNA template

TERM 2

Antiretroviral mechanism of Enfuvirtide

DEFINITION 2

36 AA peptide that blocks entry into the cell (fusion inhibitor)

TERM 3

Antiretroviral Agent mechanism of

Zidovudine-AZT

DEFINITION 3

a deoxythymidine analog that is a nucleoside/nucleotide

reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)

TERM 4

Antiretroviral mechanism of Didanosine ddl

DEFINITION 4

a synthetic analog of deoxyadenosine that acts as a NRTI

TERM 5

Antiretroviral mechanism of Zalcitabine- DDC

DEFINITION 5

a cytosine analog (another NRTI)

Antiretroviral mechanism of Nevirapine

a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used

during pregnancy

TERM 7

Antiretroviral mechanism of Nelfinavir

DEFINITION 7

inhibitor of the CYP3A system (protease inhibitor)

TERM 8

Antiretroviral mechanism of

Raltegravir

DEFINITION 8

targets integrase (HIV enzyme) to inhibit integration of viral

genetic material into the genome

TERM 9

polymerase I

DEFINITION 9

Bacterial DNA polymeraseFilling of gap after removal of RNA

primer DNA repair5-'to-3; and 3'-to-5'

TERM 10

Polymerase

II

DEFINITION 10

Bacterial DNA polymeraseDNA Repair3'-to-5'

PCNA Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

Enhances processivity of the DNA Polymerases binds to

many proteins present at the replication fork

TERM 17

Type I topoisomerase

DEFINITION 17

Relaxes both positive and negative supercoils & breaks one

strand

TERM 18

Type II

topoisomerase

DEFINITION 18

Can relax but not supercoil DNAATP dependentCarries out

reactions which break both strandsex.) DNA gyrase

TERM 19

Two drugs that inhibit bacterial

topoisomerase

DEFINITION 19

Nalidixic acid

TERM 20

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Circular

chromosomes

DEFINITION 20

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Multiple points of

origin

Eukaryotes

TERM 22

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? DNA Gyrase is

major topoisomerase

DEFINITION 22

Prokaryotes

TERM 23

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Do not have

telomeres

DEFINITION 23

Prokaryotes

TERM 24

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Histone complex

with DNA in nucleosome

DEFINITION 24

Eukaryotes

TERM 25

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? 3 DNA polymerases

DEFINITION 25

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? RNase H removes

primers

Both prokaryote and eukaryote

TERM 32

What creates a gap in the lagging strand at

the 5' end?

DEFINITION 32

The removal of RNA Primer

TERM 33

What role does telomerase play in the 5' end?

DEFINITION 33

extending the 5' end and offseting the loss of DNA

TERM 34

Can DNA polymerase synthesize DNA w/o a

primer?

DEFINITION 34

No DNA polymerase cannot synthesize DNA without a primer

TERM 35

Nucleotide Excision repair

DEFINITION 35

repairs mismatches of bulky adducts. replaces an entire

nucleotide

Base Excision repair

DNA glycosylase recognizes small distortion in DNA involving

lesions caused by damage to a single base.glycosylase

cleaves the glycosidic bond between the altered base and

ribose

TERM 37

Mismatch repair

DEFINITION 37

Occurs during replication, Mismatches-repair enzyme

complex recognizes normal bases that do not form WC base

pairs .In bacteria these proteins recognize methylated DNA

(which indicates an older stand)

TERM 38

Transcription-coupled repair

DEFINITION 38

occurs during transcription when the RNA polymerase stalls

during an encounter of a damaged region of the DNA

template

TERM 39

What is unique about the 5' end

DEFINITION 39

there is a monophosphate at the end

TERM 40

Leading strand

DEFINITION 40

continuous synthesis from 5' to 3'

New strands of DNA are synthsized in what

direction?

5' to 3' direction

TERM 47

What direction are parental template strands

oriented?

DEFINITION 47

3' to 5'

TERM 48

What is benzo A pyrene?

DEFINITION 48

An agent found in cigarettes that when oxidized it binds to

gunanine causing distortions of double helix

TERM 49

What causes adjacent pyrimidines to form

dimers?

DEFINITION 49

UV light; causing a distortion of the double helix

TERM 50

How are dimers repaired?

DEFINITION 50

Nucleotide excision repair

endonucleases cleave _______

Phosphodiester bonds

TERM 52

Exonucleases cleave ____

DEFINITION 52

nucleotides

TERM 53

What is a Transposon?

DEFINITION 53

A jumping genesegments of DNa that can move from their

original position to a new location

TERM 54

What is transposase?

DEFINITION 54

An enzyme that cleaves the DNA strand allowing a

transponson to integrate into a new position of the DNA

TERM 55

What enzyme uses single stranded RNA to

make a DNA copy

DEFINITION 55

Transcriptase

DNA polymerase copies a new strand in the

__' to __' direction

copies the strand in the 3' to 5' direction

TERM 62

pyrimadine dimers are the primary cause of

what diseases in humans?

DEFINITION 62

Skin cancers

TERM 63

The location of the glycosidic bond of a

purine

DEFINITION 63

In DNA, refers to the nitrogen-carbon linkage between the 9'

nitrogen of purine basesand the 1' carbon of the sugar group.

TERM 64

The location of a glycosidic bond in a

pyrimidine

DEFINITION 64

1' nitrogen of pyrimidine bases and the 1' carbon of the

sugar group.

TERM 65

Where is the location of the ester bond in

DNA

DEFINITION 65

refers to the oxygen-carbon linkage between the

triphosphate group and the 5' carbon of the ribose sugar

group in a single DNA or RNA nucleotide

What are the purines?

double ringed structures of adenine and guanine

TERM 67

What are pyrimadines?

DEFINITION 67

single ringed structures of Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine