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The Brain(sense of direction
Rostral: Means towards the nose aka towards the foreheadCaudal: Towards the tail aka towards the spinal cord TERM 2
3 divisions of the brain (1 of 3)
DEFINITION 2
- Cerebrum: about 83% of the brains's volume and consists of cerebral hemispheres: pair of half globes.-Each hemisphere is marked by thick folds: gyri separated by shallow grooves:sulci.- Longitudinal fissure: deep median groove that separates the left and right hemispheres from each other.-Corpus callosum: A thick bundle of nerve fibers located at the bottom of the fissure which connect the R+L hemispheres. TERM 3
3 divisions of the brain (2 of 3)
DEFINITION 3
- Cerebellum:Inferior to cerebrum and separated by thetransversecerebral fissure.-It is the second largest region of the brain but containing half of the brain's neurons- TERM 4
3 divisions of the brain (3 of 3)
DEFINITION 4
- Brainstem: It is what remains of the brain if the cerebrum and cerebellum are removed.-Cotains: Midbrain, pons, medulla TERM 5
Frontal Lobe
DEFINITION 5 Lies behind the frontal bone, superior to the eyes.Extends from the forehead to a vertical groove called the central sulcus: it is concerned w/ voluntary motor functions, motivation, foresignt, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgement, and aggression.
Parietal Lobe
Forms the uppermost part of the brain and underlies the parietal the parietal bone. Starts at the central sulcus and extends to the parietooccipital sulcus.-It is the primary site for receiving and interpreting signals of the general senses and some visual processing. TERM 7
Occipital Lobe
DEFINITION 7 Read end of the head-It is the principle visual center of the brain TERM 8
Temporal Lobe
DEFINITION 8 Lateral and horizontal. Separated by the lateral sulcus.-It is concerned with hearing, smell, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotions TERM 9
Precentral gyrus
DEFINITION 9 aka Primary Motor Cortex. The most posterior gyrus of the frontal lobe, anterior to to the central sulcus. Neurons here send signals to the brainstem and spinal cord, which ultimately results in muscle contractions.-It is represented by the amount of cortex devoted to a given body region which is proportional to the number of muscles and motor unit in that region, not to the size of the region. There is no exact point-for-point correspondence.*Each precentral gyrus controls muscles of the opposite side TERM 10
Homunculus
DEFINITION 10 Identifies cortical areas that are broadly responsible for motor control of a given region, the boundaries between these cortical areas overlap and are not sharply defined (found in pg.543)
Left hemisphere of the Cerebrum
It is responsible for spoken and written language-Sequential and analytical reasoning such as: science and math TERM 17
Right Hemisphere of the Cerebrum
DEFINITION 17 It is more insight, musical skills, artistic skills, patterns and spatial relationships TERM 18
Cerebellar Ataxia
DEFINITION 18 Loss of voluntary motor control. Can be a result of drug usage, alcohol abuse, stroke. May affect only one side. The hand nose test- Theyre unable to touch the tip of their finger to their nose w/ precision TERM 19
Cerebellum
DEFINITION 19 The largest part of the hindbrain and second-largest part of the brain as a whole. It consists of cerebellar heimspheres connected by a narrow wormlike bridge called the vermis. Each hemisphere exhibits folds called folia sperated by sulci. It has white matter on the outside and white on the inside, shown as arbor vitae. (pg526)It contains 60% of surface area of cerebrum and 50% of all neurons-Responsible for motor coordiation, balance, evaluation of sensory input: spatial, and tactile perception (touch) TERM 20
Brainstem (Midbrain)
DEFINITION 20 A short segment of brainstem that connects the hindbrain and forebrain.
Substancia Nigra
It is a dark gray to black nucleus pigmented with melanin. It is a motor center that replays inhibitory signals to the thalamus and basal nuclei, preventing unwanted body movement. aka dopamine. It is missing in parkinson's disease TERM 22
Pons
DEFINITION 22 Part of the brainstem. Cosists of two pairs of thick stalks called cerebellar peduncles. They connect the crebellum to the pons and midbrain-Cranial nerves V-VIII (5-8) begin or end in the ponds-Sensory for hearing, equilibrium, taste, and facial sensations-Motor for eye movement, facial expressions, chewing and swallowing. TERM 23
Medulla(Oblongata)
DEFINITION 23 -CN 9-11-sensory for touch, pressure, temp, taste, and pain- chewinf, salivating, gagging, vomitting, respiration, coughing, sneezing, speech, sweating, and cardiovascular and GI control TERM 24
The Blood Supply
DEFINITION 24 The circle of willis: A Ciculartory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures TERM 25
Meninges
DEFINITION 25 Dura: toughest of the 3, outtermostArachnoid: Spider looking, contains bloody supplyPia:Most delicate, almost directly adhered to tissue in spinal cordThere are spaces b.t. the matters called epidural spaces (real space)Epidural: There shouldn't be a space, except in bleeding (hematomas, blood clot)-Suarachnoid space: Real space, where cerebral fluid is located located in cranial and spinal cord
CN8-
- Vestibulochoclear= Allows you to head and for equillibrium/balance, test by walking in a straight line, and hearing9. Glossopharyngeal= Motor-Allows you to swallow, sensory-taste, pain. Test by gag reflex, swallowing, cough, bitter and tasting sour10. Vagus= Sensory-Taste, hunger, fullness, motor-swallowing, speech, GI secretion and motility, deceleration of heart. Test by abnormalities swallowing, weak hoarse voice, inability to gag or cough forcefully TERM 32
CN11-
DEFINITION 32
- Accessory= Swallowing, head neck shoulder mov. Test:roatate head and shrug shoulders against resistance12. Hypoglossal=tongue movements of speech, food manipulation, and swallowing. Test by deviations of tongue, such as protrudes and retracts it, test ability to protrude tongue against resistance. TERM 33
Phineas' Gage
DEFINITION 33 Pole through head while working. Went through his frontal lobe displaying that there was a change in his personality due to damage in this area. TERM 34
Aphasia
DEFINITION 34 Fluent: Wernicke's. Comprehensionand ExpressionNon- fluent: Broca's.Anomic:
