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Understanding Hormones: Production, Interactions, and Effects, Quizzes of Physiology

Sinclair Community College Physiology

Definitions and information on the production, interactions, and effects of various hormones. Topics include the difference between autocrine and paracrine glands, the factors determining hormone receptor binding, and the three interactions of hormones. Hormones discussed include thyroid hormones, cortisol, calcitonin, and adrenaline. The document also covers the role of the pituitary gland and the effects of iodine deficiency.

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TERM 1

A hormone is called a chemical

___.

DEFINITION 1

Messenger

TERM 2

What are the three targets of hormones?

DEFINITION 2

Glands

Muscles

Hormones

TERM 3

What are the six major processes under

hormonal control?

DEFINITION 3

Reproduction

Growth and Development

Immune Response

Blood Balance (Amount of Water, Electrolytes and

Nutrients in the Blood)

Cellular Metabolism

Energy Balance

TERM 4

What are the two different types of glands?

DEFINITION 4

Endocrine (Ductless)

Exocrine (With Ducts)

TERM 5

What are the differences between autocrine

and paracrine glands? Give examples for

each gland.

DEFINITION 5

The autocrine/paracrine glands produce local c hemical messengers, instead of

typical delivery to the entire system (autocrine /paracrine glands are known as

pseudo-hormones for this particular reason).T he autocrine glands secrete local

hormones (chemicals) that affect the same cell that secretes the hormones. An

example of an autocrine hormone is prostagl andins: a class of hormone secreted

by smooth muscle-the prostaglandin will cau se the same smooth muscle to

contract (a tightness).The paracrine glands sec rete local hormones (chemicals)

that affect different targets, other than the sec reting gland (cell). An example of

paracrine gland is the pancreas: the pancreas can release somatostatin and

insulin together, somatostatin inhibits insulin (somatostatin isn't acting on the

pancreas, but a hormone the pancreas secre ted) (somatostatin is released with

insulin, to regulate the insulin).

Partial preview of the text

Download Understanding Hormones: Production, Interactions, and Effects and more Quizzes Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!

A hormone is called a chemical

___.

Messenger

TERM 2

What are the three targets of hormones?

DEFINITION 2

Glands

Muscles

Hormones

TERM 3

What are the six major processes under

hormonal control?

DEFINITION 3

Reproduction

Growth and Development

Immune Response

Blood Balance (Amount of Water, Electrolytes and

Nutrients in the Blood)

Cellular Metabolism

Energy Balance

TERM 4

What are the two different types of glands?

DEFINITION 4

Endocrine (Ductless)

Exocrine (With Ducts)

TERM 5

What are the differences between autocrine

and paracrine glands? Give examples for

each gland.

DEFINITION 5

The autocrine/paracrine glands produce local chemical messengers, instead of typical delivery to the entire system (autocrine/paracrine glands are known as pseudo-hormones for this particular reason).The autocrine glands secrete local hormones (chemicals) that affect the same cell that secretes the hormones. An example of an autocrine hormone is prostaglandins: a class of hormone secreted by smooth muscle-the prostaglandin will cause the same smooth muscle to contract (a tightness).The paracrine glands secrete local hormones (chemicals) that affect different targets, other than the secreting gland (cell). An example of paracrine gland is the pancreas: the pancreas can release somatostatin and insulin together, somatostatin inhibits insulin (somatostatin isn't acting on the pancreas, but a hormone the pancreas secreted) (somatostatin is released with insulin, to regulate the insulin).

What are the three types of hormones? Give

examples for each hormone.

Amino Acid-Based Hormones: Biogenic Amines (Simple Amino

Acid Derivatives) such as Epinephrine and Thyroxine, to

Peptides (Short Chains of Amino Acids) and Proteins (Long

Polymers of Amino Acids)

Steroid Hormones: Gonadal Hormones (Testosterone and

Estrogen) and Adrenocortical Hormones

Eicosanoids: Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins (Eicosanoids are

Derived from Arachidonic Acid and are Not Considered True

Hormones)

*Most hormones are amino acid-based hormones and vary in size!

TERM 7

Why do amino acid-based hormones need

2nd messengers?

DEFINITION 7

An amino acid-based hormone requires the binding to a 2nd

messenger (a specific receptor-a membrane bound protein)

to cross the cell membrane (plasma membrane).

TERM 8

What does the term target cell specificity

refer to?

DEFINITION 8

The term target cell specificity refers to each hormone

having a unique (different) target (a specific target for each

hormone).

TERM 9

What three factors determine hormone

receptor binding?

DEFINITION 9

Blood Levels: referring to concentration of the hormone within the

blood (low levels of hormone concentration in the blood-produces a

negligible effect vs high levels of hormone concentration in the blood-

produces a sufficient effect) (effectiveness of hormone receptor

binding is dependent on blood level concentration)

Receptors: referring to the amount of receptors for each specific

hormone (effectiveness of hormone receptor binding is dependent on

the amount of receptors for each specific hormone)

Affinity: referring to the strength of attraction from hormone to

receptor (the ease or difficulty of a hormone binding to a receptor)

TERM 10

What is onset of a hormone?

DEFINITION 10

The onset of a hormone is the immediate effect of the

hormone.

What are the hormones/functions of the

posterior pituitary gland?

The main function of the posterior pituitary gland is a storage

vesicle for hormones.The hormones related to the posterior

pituitary gland are oxytocin (the stimulation of uterine

contractions) and antidiuretic hormones (ADH) (vasopressin)

(stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water).

TERM 17

Describe the Thyroid Gland.

DEFINITION 17

The thyroid gland is responsible for metabolism and is the largest, pure

endocrine gland (pure in the sense of having only endocrine tissue, no

exocrine tissue is present in the thyroid).The thyroid gland is located on

the anterior neck of the trachea, between the carotid arteries. The

thyroid gland consists of two lobes (left and right), while the isthmus

connects the two lobes. The blood supply for the thyroid gland is from

the superior and inferior thyroid artery, which is supplied by the brachial

cephalic artery (hyper-vascularization).The thyroid gland contains colloid-

filled follicles that are made up of thyroglobulin (a type of sticky

glycoprotein), which produce thyroid hormones.

TERM 18

What is T3 and

T4?

DEFINITION 18

T3: is thyronine (tri-iodothyronine), a synthesized

hormone derived from thyroxine (T4) consisting of three

bound iodine atoms

T4: is thyroxine, the major thyroid hormone secreted by

thyroid follicles consisting of four bound iodine atoms

TERM 19

Why do thyroid hormones affect nearly every

part of the human body?

DEFINITION 19

The hormones from the thyroid affect nearly every part of the

human body because thyroid hormones control the way in

which the body uses energy (many of the body's functions

would slow down without thyroid hormones) (glucose

oxidation and metabolism).

TERM 20

What is the overall function of thyroid

hormones?

DEFINITION 20

The overall function of thyroid hormones is glucose oxidation, the

ability to use glucose to create energy (energy being derived from

glucose) (metabolism). The thyroid hormones also stimulate

enzymes to oxidize glucose (affecting metabolic rate), produce the

calorigenic effect (body heat production) and assist in maintain

blood pressure (adrenergic receptors).

What are the other effects of thyroid

hormones?

Tissue Growth

Skeletal and Nervous Development

Maturation and Growth

Reproduction

TERM 22

What are the effects of hyper-thyroid

secretions?

DEFINITION 22

The effects of hyper-thyroid secretions are thyrotoxicosis involving

nervousness, irritability, muscle weakness (especially in limbs),

sleeping problems, increased perspiration, tremors, thinning of the

skin/hair, heat intolerance, a fast heartrate and enlargement of the

thyroid (Graves' Disease).The internal effect is overstimulation of

metabolism and an increase in the speed of bodily functions (akin

to adrenaline).

TERM 23

What are the effects of hypothyroid

secretions?

DEFINITION 23

The effects of hypothyroid secretions are an inability to tolerate

cold, fatigue, weight gain, poor memory/concentration, shortness

of breath, hair loss and swelling of the limbs.The primary cause of

hypothyroidism is iodine deficiency, and is characterized by

inadequate stimulation of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

from the pituitary gland (inadequate function of the gland itself).

TERM 24

What is the precursor to synthesizing T3 and

T4?

DEFINITION 24

The precursor to synthesizing T3 and T4 is the release and

binding of thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) to follicle cell

receptors (para-follicular cells), in the colloid lumen of the

follicles.

TERM 25

What is a colloid?

DEFINITION 25

The colloid lumen is the area of synthetization of T3 and T

(within the para-follicular cells-follicle cell receptors), once

the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is released and

bonded.

What is TBG? What is the function of a TBG?

A thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) is a transport protein (a

globulin able to bind to thyroxine) that assists in the

transport of T3 and T4. A thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) is

produced in the liver and the binding affinity for T3 is 10x

greater/more active than T4 (T3 is circulated at a much

faster rate than T4).

TERM 32

Describe Calcitonin (A Peptide Hormone)

DEFINITION 32

The hormone calcitonin (a peptide hormone) is responsible for the

hypocalcemia effect (lowering calcium levels in the blood-a brake pedal

for calcium) (calcium levels rise-the release of calcitonin occurs). The

hormone calcitonin is produced in the C cells of the thyroid (para-

follicular cells) and is most important in childhood (bones are growing

quickly).The hormone calcitonin acts on the inhibition of osteocytes

(stops bone reabsorption and calcium release), stimulates calcium

uptake by the bony matrix (calcium remains in the bone and out of the

blood) and is completely controlled by calcium blood levels.

TERM 33

What is secreted by the parathyroid? What is

the function of the parathyroid?

DEFINITION 33

The parathyroid secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH). The

function of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the control of

calcium in the blood (PTH responds to low blood calcium

levels-gas pedal for calcium).

TERM 34

What are the target organs for the

parathyroid?

DEFINITION 34

The parathyroid hormone (PTH) targets three organs to bring

calcium levels higher in the body...

Bone: stimulates osteoclasts (bone-chewing cells)

Kidneys: reabsorption of calcium (less calcium being released

in urine)

Intestines: increasing the absorption of calcium

The parathyroid hormone (PTH) also stimulates the conversion of

vitamin D into vitamin D3 (the active form of vitamin D, known as

calcitriol). Without calcitriol, the absorption of calcium is

impossible.

TERM 35

Describe the Adrenal Gland

DEFINITION 35

The adrenal gland occurs in pairs (two glands in one) and the location is the superior aspect of each kidney (on top of each kidney, right and left).The inner adrenal gland is known as the adrenal medulla, which is under sympathetic nervous control. The adrenal medulla is also mainly comprised of chromaffin cells (modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons), located around blood capillaries and sinusoids (sinusoids-draining vesicles) (very vascular). The chromaffin cells synthesize catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine-adrenaline).The outer adrenal gland is known as the adrenal cortex and is the bulk of the gland. The steroid hormones known as corticosteroids are located within the adrenal cortex (outer layer of the adrenal gland). The adrenal cortex also has three zones (layers): the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis.

What is the zona glomerulosa? What does the

zona glomerulosa release?

The zona glomerulosa is the outermost layer of the adrenal

cortex, which releases mineralocorticoids (controlling

minerals and water in the blood).

TERM 37

What is the zona fasciculata? What does the

zona fasciculata release?

DEFINITION 37

The zona fasciculata is the middle layer of the adrenal cortex,

which releases glucocorticoids (metabolic hormones that

control metabolism and affect glucose levels in the blood).

TERM 38

What is the zona reticularis? What does the

zona reticularis produce?

DEFINITION 38

The zona reticularis is the innermost (deepest) layer of the

adrenal cortex, which produces gonad corticoids (adrenal

sex hormones).

TERM 39

What are the differences between the medulla

and cortex of the inner/outer adrenal gland?

DEFINITION 39

The adrenal medulla is the inner portion of the adrenal gland

and is under sympathetic nervous control. The adrenal cortex

is the outer portion of the adrenal gland and makes up the

bulk of the gland. The steroid hormones known as

corticosteroids are stored in the adrenal cortex (the outer

layer of the adrenal gland).

TERM 40

Which hormones are associated with the

adrenal gland?

DEFINITION 40

The hormones associated with the adrenal gland are

corticosteroids (steroid hormones), mineralocorticoids

(controls minerals and water in the blood), glucocorticoids

(metabolic hormones that control metabolism and affect

glucose levels in the blood) and gonad corticoids (adrenal

sex hormones).

Glucocorticoids?

Glucocorticoids are energy metabolizing chemicals for cells (low

energy-low glucocorticoids). The purpose of glucocorticoids is to

maintain blood volume and glucose (not enough glucose-lack of

energy). The hormones associated with glucocorticoids are cortisol

(hydrocortisone), cortisone and corticosterone. The regulation of

glucocorticoids is through negative feedback.

TERM 47

Cortisol?

DEFINITION 47

The hormone cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis (gluco-sugar,

neo-new and genesis-to make). Gluconeogenesis is the ability to

convert other elements of the body (fats and proteins) into

glucose, cortisol expedites the conversion process as necessary in

the body. The release of cortisol is promoted by ACTH

(adrenocorticotrophic hormone). The levels of cortisol vary, and

inhibition of cortisol occurs during rising cortisol levels (extreme

stress). The levels of cortisol are highest in the morning and

lowest in the evening (before bed). Stress is the most prominent

release for cortisol.

TERM 48

What are the three effects of cortisol levels in

the blood?

DEFINITION 48

The three effects of cortisol levels in the blood are...

Cardiovascular Effects (high cortisol levels target and weaken

the heart)

Gastrointestinal Effects (high levels of cortisol will inhibit

proper digestion and absorption of nutrients)

Neural Activity Effects

*A high level of cortisol can also depress bone/cartilage formation,

inhibit the inflammatory response and depress the immune

system.

TERM 49

Gluconeogenesis?

DEFINITION 49

The term gluconeogenesis refers o the formation of glucose

from non-carbohydrate molecules (fats and proteins).

TERM 50

What are glucocorticoid drugs used

for?

DEFINITION 50

A glucocorticoid drug is used primarily for the control of

various chronic inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid

arthritis and allergic responses. Unfortunately, glucocorticoid

drugs can also cause undesirable effects from excess levels

of hormones (upsetting a delicate hormone balance).

Gonadocorticoids?

The gonadocorticoids are adrenal sex hormones produced by the adrenal

cortex. The gonadocorticoids include androgens, a class of male sex

hormones. The androgens include androstenedione and

dehyroepiandrosterone (DEHA), that convert testosterone/estrogen

(respectively). The production of sex hormones from the adrenal gland is

significantly less than production from the male/female reproductive

organs, and the function of adrenal sex hormones is not largely

understood.The androgens contribute to the onset of puberty, the female

sex drive in women and the production of a source of estrogen after

menopause.

TERM 52

What is the function of gonadocorticoids in

women?

DEFINITION 52

Female Sex Drive and

A Source of Estrogen after Menopause

TERM 53

Adrenal Medulla?

DEFINITION 53

The adrenal medulla is the inner portion of the adrenal gland and

is mainly comprised of chromaffin cells (modified postganglionic

sympathetic neurons), which are located around blood

capillaries/sinusoids (sinusoids-draining vesicles) (very vascular).

The chromaffin cells synthesize catecholamines (epinephrine and

norepinephrine-adrenaline).The sequence of release is: tyrosine

releases dopamine, dopamine causes a release of norepinephrine,

norepinephrine is converted into epinephrine and is finally

released into the blood stream-the main function being the fight or

flight response.

TERM 54

What is adrenaline? What is the target of

adrenaline?

DEFINITION 54

The hormone adrenaline constricts blood vessels (increasing

heartrate), raises blood pressure, diverts blood temporarily from

nonessential organs to the heart/skeletal muscles and increases

blood glucose levels (reinforcing or prolonging the fight or flight

response).The targets of adrenaline are the heart, blood vessels,

smooth muscles (bronchi, gastrointestinal tract, bladder), eyes and

liver (increasing metabolic actions).

TERM 55

Pancreas? Describe the two hormones of the

pancreas.

DEFINITION 55

The pancreas is a mixed gland composed of both endocrine and exocrine glands (the type of gland secreting in the pancreas, depends on the type of cell in the pancreas-exocrine or endocrine). The cells present in the pancreas are acinar cells and islet cells (Islets of Langerhans). The acinar cells are exocrine (ductless) cells that make up the bulk of the pancreas and produce and enzyme-rich digestive juice (pancreatic juice), for the breaking down of proteins. The islet cells are endocrine cells and consist of two varieties-alpha and beta. The alpha cells of islet cells produce glucagon (to increase blood sugar levels). The beta cells of islet cells produce insulin (to lower blood sugar levels-moving sugar out of the blood and into the cell).The two hormones of the pancreas are glucagon and insulin, released by the alpha/beta cells of the islet cells (respectively).

Understanding Hormones: Production, Interactions, and Effects, Quizzes of Physiology

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Understanding Hormones: Production, Interactions, and Effects and more Quizzes Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!

A hormone is called a chemical

___.

Messenger

TERM 2

What are the three targets of hormones?

DEFINITION 2

Glands

Muscles

Hormones

TERM 3

What are the six major processes under

hormonal control?

DEFINITION 3

Reproduction

Growth and Development

Immune Response

Blood Balance (Amount of Water, Electrolytes and

Nutrients in the Blood)

Cellular Metabolism

Energy Balance

TERM 4

What are the two different types of glands?

DEFINITION 4

Endocrine (Ductless)

Exocrine (With Ducts)

TERM 5

What are the differences between autocrine

and paracrine glands? Give examples for

each gland.

DEFINITION 5

What are the three types of hormones? Give

examples for each hormone.

Amino Acid-Based Hormones: Biogenic Amines (Simple Amino

Acid Derivatives) such as Epinephrine and Thyroxine, to

Peptides (Short Chains of Amino Acids) and Proteins (Long

Polymers of Amino Acids)

Steroid Hormones: Gonadal Hormones (Testosterone and

Estrogen) and Adrenocortical Hormones

Eicosanoids: Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins (Eicosanoids are

Derived from Arachidonic Acid and are Not Considered True

Hormones)

*Most hormones are amino acid-based hormones and vary in size!

TERM 7

Why do amino acid-based hormones need

2nd messengers?

DEFINITION 7

An amino acid-based hormone requires the binding to a 2nd

messenger (a specific receptor-a membrane bound protein)

to cross the cell membrane (plasma membrane).

TERM 8

What does the term target cell specificity

refer to?

DEFINITION 8

The term target cell specificity refers to each hormone

having a unique (different) target (a specific target for each

hormone).

TERM 9

What three factors determine hormone

receptor binding?

DEFINITION 9

Blood Levels: referring to concentration of the hormone within the

blood (low levels of hormone concentration in the blood-produces a

negligible effect vs high levels of hormone concentration in the blood-

produces a sufficient effect) (effectiveness of hormone receptor

binding is dependent on blood level concentration)

Receptors: referring to the amount of receptors for each specific

hormone (effectiveness of hormone receptor binding is dependent on

the amount of receptors for each specific hormone)

Affinity: referring to the strength of attraction from hormone to

receptor (the ease or difficulty of a hormone binding to a receptor)

TERM 10

What is onset of a hormone?

DEFINITION 10

The onset of a hormone is the immediate effect of the

hormone.

What are the hormones/functions of the