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Definitions and key terms related to gene expression and protein synthesis. It covers the process of gene expression, the role of archibald garrod and mendel's laws, the discovery of the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, and the central dogma of molecular biology. It also explains the concept of the genetic code, codons, and the flow of information from dna to rna to proteins.
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the process by which dna directs protein synthesis TERM 2
DEFINITION 2 two stages. transcription and translation TERM 3
DEFINITION 3 archibald garrod suggsted that genese dictated phenotype through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions in the cell and that mendels laws apply to humans as well as plants TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 george beadle and boris ephrussi speculated that each mutation affecting eye color in drosophila blocks pigment synthesis at a specific step by prevent production oftheenzyme that catalyzes that step TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 the growing understanding that cells synthesize most organic molecules by a series of steps; a metabolic pathway
they used neurospora (bread mold) to do the experiement testing wild type vs irradiated neurospora (that had been pounded with x-rays) and checked how well the mutants that survived can live in minimal amounts of agar (food) TERM 7
DEFINITION 7 proteins TERM 8
DEFINITION 8 DNA -> RNA -> Proteins TERM 9
DEFINITION 9 codons. they are a series of non-overlapping three nucleotide words. one codon specifies one amino acid. TERM 10
DEFINITION 10 64 triplets total and 61 code for amino acids
Uracil is subbed for Thymine TERM 17
DEFINITION 17 the dna sequence where rna polymerase attaches TERM 18
DEFINITION 18 the transcription unit TERM 19
DEFINITION 19 promoters TERM 20
DEFINITION 20 transcription initiation complex
TERM 22
DEFINITION 22 they mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription TERM 23
DEFINITION 23 start point at which RNA synthesis occurs on the DNA TERM 24
DEFINITION 24 60 nucleotides per second in eukaryotes TERM 25
DEFINITION 25 long noncoding stretches of nucleotides that lie between coding regions
an RNA molecule that has enzymatic activity due to the fact that it is single stranded and can help form various secondary structures and specially modified bases that contribute to catalytic activity TERM 32
DEFINITION 32 when genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA splicing.because some codons can subsitute for one another. TERM 33
DEFINITION 33 a form of anemia common in the mediterranean countries that is caused by errors in splicing process. red blood cells are distroted due to a point mutation in teh beta-globin gene, which cuases an error in splice site selection. a faulty beta- globin protein is made. TERM 34
DEFINITION 34 proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete regions called domains that impart a particular structure and/or function TERM 35
DEFINITION 35 discrete exons and structurally/functionally related proteins that most likely arose via exon shuffling during evolution
the process of protein synthesis using an mRNA template to specify the order of amino acids TERM 37
DEFINITION 37
DEFINITION 38 20 amino acids per second TERM 39
DEFINITION 39 they function as adaptors. they bring amino acids to the ribosome by the appropriate base pairing between the codon of the mRNA and hte anti-codon of the tRNA TERM 40
DEFINITION 40 They attach to the mRNA template and convert its function. The anti-codon attaches to the codon. on the other end of the tRNA it has an amino acid and after a couple of interactions between the tRNA and the mRNA template they form a polypeptide chain out of it.