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Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis: From DNA to Proteins, Quizzes of Biology

Definitions and key terms related to gene expression and protein synthesis. It covers the process of gene expression, the role of archibald garrod and mendel's laws, the discovery of the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, and the central dogma of molecular biology. It also explains the concept of the genetic code, codons, and the flow of information from dna to rna to proteins.

Typology: Quizzes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 08/14/2011

warren-lin7
warren-lin7 🇺🇸

6 documents

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TERM 1
what is gene expression?
DEFINITION 1
the process by which dna directs protein synthesis
TERM 2
how many stages are there to gene
expression and what are they?
DEFINITION 2
two stages. transcription and translation
TERM 3
in 1909
DEFINITION 3
archibald garrod suggsted that genese dictated phenotype
through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions in
the cell and that mendels laws apply to humans as well as
plants
TERM 4
what happened in the 1930's and iwth whom
DEFINITION 4
george beadle and boris ephrussi speculated that each
mutation affecting eye color in drosophila blocks pigment
synthesis at a specific step by prevent production
oftheenzyme that catalyzes that step
TERM 5
what did progress in linking genes and
enzymes rest on?
DEFINITION 5
the growing understanding that cells synthesize most
organic molecules by a series of steps; a metabolic pathway
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what is gene expression?

the process by which dna directs protein synthesis TERM 2

how many stages are there to gene

expression and what are they?

DEFINITION 2 two stages. transcription and translation TERM 3

in 1909

DEFINITION 3 archibald garrod suggsted that genese dictated phenotype through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions in the cell and that mendels laws apply to humans as well as plants TERM 4

what happened in the 1930's and iwth whom

DEFINITION 4 george beadle and boris ephrussi speculated that each mutation affecting eye color in drosophila blocks pigment synthesis at a specific step by prevent production oftheenzyme that catalyzes that step TERM 5

what did progress in linking genes and

enzymes rest on?

DEFINITION 5 the growing understanding that cells synthesize most organic molecules by a series of steps; a metabolic pathway

what is the one gene - one enzyme

experiement

they used neurospora (bread mold) to do the experiement testing wild type vs irradiated neurospora (that had been pounded with x-rays) and checked how well the mutants that survived can live in minimal amounts of agar (food) TERM 7

what are the links between genotype and

phenotype?

DEFINITION 7 proteins TERM 8

whas is the central dogma of how information

flows in cells?

DEFINITION 8 DNA -> RNA -> Proteins TERM 9

the flow of info from gene to protein is based

on a triplet code called:

DEFINITION 9 codons. they are a series of non-overlapping three nucleotide words. one codon specifies one amino acid. TERM 10

how many triplets are there and how many

code for amino acids?

DEFINITION 10 64 triplets total and 61 code for amino acids

in RNA what is subsituted for what

Uracil is subbed for Thymine TERM 17

what is the promoter?

DEFINITION 17 the dna sequence where rna polymerase attaches TERM 18

what is the stretch of dna that is transcribed

called?

DEFINITION 18 the transcription unit TERM 19

what signals the initiation of RNA synthesis?

DEFINITION 19 promoters TERM 20

what is the completed assembly of

transcription factors and RNA polymerase

bound to a promoter called?

DEFINITION 20 transcription initiation complex

a promoter called a _____ box is crucial in

forming the initiation complex in eukaryotes

TATA

TERM 22

what are transcription factors

DEFINITION 22 they mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription TERM 23

what is template strand?

DEFINITION 23 start point at which RNA synthesis occurs on the DNA TERM 24

how fast does transcription progress ( in

eukaryotes)?

DEFINITION 24 60 nucleotides per second in eukaryotes TERM 25

waht are introns?

DEFINITION 25 long noncoding stretches of nucleotides that lie between coding regions

what is a ribozyme?

an RNA molecule that has enzymatic activity due to the fact that it is single stranded and can help form various secondary structures and specially modified bases that contribute to catalytic activity TERM 32

what is alternative RNA splicing?

DEFINITION 32 when genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA splicing.because some codons can subsitute for one another. TERM 33

what is thalassemia?

DEFINITION 33 a form of anemia common in the mediterranean countries that is caused by errors in splicing process. red blood cells are distroted due to a point mutation in teh beta-globin gene, which cuases an error in splice site selection. a faulty beta- globin protein is made. TERM 34

what are "domains" on a protein?

DEFINITION 34 proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete regions called domains that impart a particular structure and/or function TERM 35

what are domains typically encoded by

DEFINITION 35 discrete exons and structurally/functionally related proteins that most likely arose via exon shuffling during evolution

define

Translation

the process of protein synthesis using an mRNA template to specify the order of amino acids TERM 37

translation require the function a large # of

molecules that include...

DEFINITION 37

  1. components of ribosomes - 50 proteins 3-5 RNA molecules2. at least 20 amino acid activating enzymes3. 40- 60 tRNA's4. at least 9 soluble proteins involved in a polypeptide initation elongation and termination TERM 38

what is the rate of protein translation @ 37

degrees Celsius

DEFINITION 38 20 amino acids per second TERM 39

what do tRNAs act as/what are

tRNA's?

DEFINITION 39 they function as adaptors. they bring amino acids to the ribosome by the appropriate base pairing between the codon of the mRNA and hte anti-codon of the tRNA TERM 40

what does it mean that tRNA's act as

adaptors?

DEFINITION 40 They attach to the mRNA template and convert its function. The anti-codon attaches to the codon. on the other end of the tRNA it has an amino acid and after a couple of interactions between the tRNA and the mRNA template they form a polypeptide chain out of it.