Download Research Methods in Psychology: Observation, Correlation, and Experiments and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
systematic observation
scientific method of observing behavior in precisely defined circumstances, time periods, or situations for objective measurement TERM 2
differences in methods
DEFINITION 2
- types of observations made2) circumstances in which observations are made3) how the data from observations are analyzed TERM 3
case study
DEFINITION 3 research method involving detailed qualitative descriptions of the behavior of a single individual TERM 4
correlational study
DEFINITION 4 examnines the quantitative relationship between two variables or more TERM 5
variables
DEFINITION 5 factors, characteristics, or events that may assume a range of values
experiment
examines the quantitative cause-and-effect relationship between one or more independent variables and one or more dependent variables TERM 7
confidentiality of subjects
DEFINITION 7 privacy of research subjects must be rigorously protected TERM 8
deception
DEFINITION 8 research technique in which subjects are deliberately misinformed about the purpose of a study TERM 9
informed consent
DEFINITION 9 subjects in a research study must be told about the nature of the research as well as their rights and responsibilities as a subject before their participation TERM 10
debriefing
DEFINITION 10 the systematic explanation of the purpose and methods of research given to a subject after completion of participation
confounding variables
factors inadvertently allowed to co-vary with group assignment TERM 17
random assignment
DEFINITION 17 every subject has an equal chance of being placed in each group TERM 18
matched random assignment
DEFINITION 18 subjects are assessed and paired based on similarity on a relevant characteristic then randomly assigned to treatment groups for study TERM 19
control
DEFINITION 19 systematic varying, randomizing, or holding constant the conditions under which observations are made TERM 20
groups of subjects
DEFINITION 20 average performance is measured
artificiality
a problem that can occur in controlled labs that greatly differ from real life or natural environments(i.e. watching TV in a psych lab is not the same as watching TV at home) TERM 22
correlation
DEFINITION 22 the co- or joint relationship between variables TERM 23
magnitude
DEFINITION 23 strength of a correlation TERM 24
direction of
correlation
DEFINITION 24 how two variables are related (inversely or directly) TERM 25
direct correlation
(positive)
DEFINITION 25 high scores on one variable occur with high scores on another variable; low scores on one variable occur with low scores on another
longitudinal studies
research in which data are collected over time from the same subjects (can address the directionality problem) TERM 32
temporal precedence
DEFINITION 32 sequence of occurrence - specifically, in science a cause must occur before its presumed effect TERM 33
third-variable problem
DEFINITION 33 when two variables are correlated, neither may cause the other, but rather a third variable may account for both TERM 34
sample
DEFINITION 34 small group of people selected from a much larger group for study in a phenomena TERM 35
population
DEFINITION 35 the complete set of people of interest from which a sample is drawn
generalize
to make inferences about a population based on reliable observed characteristics of a sample of the population TERM 37
statistical significance
DEFINITION 37 standard of measure of the probability of obtaining results of quantitative research based on chance; computed through statistical tests: a low probability means the findings are due to something other than chance alone, always want p<0. TERM 38
life history
DEFINITION 38 a narrative of a case study subject's life; account of their past experiences TERM 39
time series designs
DEFINITION 39 procedure that evaluates behavior over time TERM 40
case study method
DEFINITION 40 -single individual-idiosyncrasies and contradictions appear- richness of personality-greater potential for revealing new/surprising findings-natural, not artificial environments-cannot be repeated directly-can't draw cause and effect conclusions because there is not control over other variables that effect behavior(s)-qualitative data is less precise-cannot generalize from a single person
reliability
pre-req for validity, measure of repeatability or stability of a test TERM 47
validity
DEFINITION 47 whether a scale measures what its supposed to measure TERM 48
empirical keying
DEFINITION 48 method of test construction in which items are selected based on their predictive power rather than their content TERM 49
MMPI-
DEFINITION 49 a personality inventory of over 500 statements scored across 4 validity scales and 14 clinical scales TERM 50
validity scales
DEFINITION 50 provide information about trustworthiness of responses on the clinical scales
personality profile
a graphic image from plotting scores from a personality assessment on a specialized graph based on existing normative data TERM 52
ratings
DEFINITION 52 a personality assessment where data is obtained through the reports of people who know the individual well; can be highly bias TERM 53
nominations
DEFINITION 53 persons nominated by peers to represent or exhibit a characteristic of interestcost is high, out of the question except in the case of schoolchildren TERM 54
composite profile
DEFINITION 54 multimethod approach TERM 55
response sets
DEFINITION 55 consistent ways of responding to test items regardless of their content, taken to reflect underlying distortion
