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Phylogeny
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms. TERM 2
Phylogenetic tree
DEFINITION 2 shows the ancestor-descendant relationships among populations or species, and clarifies who is related to whom. A branch represents a population, the branches diverge at nodes, and the tip represents a group (species or taxon) TERM 3
phylogeny inference
DEFINITION 3 closely related species should share many of their characteristics, while distantly related species should share fewer characteristics. TERM 4
phenetic approach to estimating trees
DEFINITION 4 based on computing a statistic that summarizes the overall similarity among populations based on data. TERM 5
cladistic approach to inferring trees
DEFINITION 5 based on reconstructing relationships by identifying shared derived characters (synapomorphies)
synapomorphies
a trait that certain groups of organisms have that exists in no other. (like fur and lactating in mammals) TERM 7
homogoly
DEFINITION 7 (same source) occurs when traits are similar due to shared ancestry TERM 8
homoplasy
DEFINITION 8 (same form) occurs when traits are similar for reasons other than common ancestry. TERM 9
Convergent evolution
DEFINITION 9 when natural selection favors similar solutions to the problems posed by a similar way of making a living, but convergent traits do not occur in the common ancestor of the similar species. Common cause of homoplasy. TERM 10
traits due to common ancestry
DEFINITION 10 If similar traits found in distantly related lineages are indeed similar due to common ancestry, then similar traits should be found in many intervening lineages on the tree of life.
