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Potential Energy
In physics, Potential Energy is the energy possessed by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors. TERM 2
Valence Electrons
DEFINITION 2 In chemistry, a valence electron is an outer shell electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair. TERM 3
Covalent Bonds
DEFINITION 3 A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. TERM 4
Molecule
DEFINITION 4 A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. TERM 5
Polar Covalent Bond
DEFINITION 5 In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment.
Cation
In the physical sciences, an ion is a particle having a net positive or negative electrical charge, often in the form of an atom or molecule having such a charge because its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons. TERM 7
Chemical Reaction
DEFINITION 7 A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. TERM 8
Polar Molecule
DEFINITION 8 In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment. TERM 9
Capillary Action
DEFINITION 9 Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity. TERM 10
Calorie
DEFINITION 10 Calories are units of energy. Various definitions exist but fall into two broad categories. The first, the small calorie, or gram calorie, is defined as the approximate amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere.
Neutral Solution
In chemistry, pH (potential of hydrogen) is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. TERM 17
Buffers
DEFINITION 17 For an individual weak acid or weak base component, see Buffering agent. For uses not related to acid-base chemistry, see Buffer (disambiguation). TERM 18
Electron Shells
DEFINITION 18 In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus. TERM 19
Noble Gases
DEFINITION 19 The noble gases make up a group of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. TERM 20
Ionic Bonds
DEFINITION 20 Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds.
Double Covalent Bond
A double bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. TERM 22
Anion
DEFINITION 22 In the physical sciences, an ion is a particle having a net positive or negative electrical charge, often in the form of an atom or molecule having such a charge because its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons. TERM 23
Reactant
DEFINITION 23 In electrical and electronic systems, reactance is the opposition of a circuit element to a change in current or voltage, due to that element's inductance or capacitance. TERM 24
Cohesion
DEFINITION 24 Cohesion (from Latin cohaerere "stick or stay together") or cohesive attraction or cohesive force is the action or property of like molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive. TERM 25
Kinetic Energy
DEFINITION 25 In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity.
Hydrogen Bonds
A hydrogen bond is the electrostatic attraction between two polar groups that occurs when a hydrogen atom covalently bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F) experiences the electrostatic field of another highly electronegative atom nearby. TERM 32
Structural Formula
DEFINITION 32 The structural formula of a chemical compound is a graphic representation of the molecular structure, showing how the atoms are arranged. TERM 33
Triple Covalent Bond
DEFINITION 33 A triple bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons instead of the usual two in a covalent single bond. TERM 34
Ionic Compound
DEFINITION 34 In chemistry, an ionic compound is a chemical compound composed of ions held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding. TERM 35
Product
DEFINITION 35 In economics, a production function relates physical output of a production process to physical inputs or factors of production.
Surface
Tension
Surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the least surface area possible. TERM 37
Heat
DEFINITION 37 Heat is the amount of energy flowing from one body of matter to another spontaneously due to their temperature difference, or by any means other than through work or the transfer of matter. TERM 38
Specific Heat
DEFINITION 38 Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a measurable physical quantity equal to the ratio of the heat added to an object to the resulting temperature change. TERM 39
Solute
DEFINITION 39 In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. TERM 40
Hydorphilic
DEFINITION 40 A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.
Chemical Bonds
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. TERM 47
Molecular Formula
DEFINITION 47 A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, using a single line of chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas and plus and minus () signs. TERM 48
Ion
DEFINITION 48 In the physical sciences, an ion is a particle having a net positive or negative electrical charge, often in the form of an atom or molecule having such a charge because its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons. TERM 49
Adhesion
DEFINITION 49 Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another. TERM 50
Solvent
DEFINITION 50 A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically distinct liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution.
Hydrophobic
In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water. TERM 52
Logarithmic Scale
DEFINITION 52 A logarithmic scale is a nonlinear scale used when there is a large range of quantities. Common uses include earthquake strength, sound loudness, light intensity, and pH of solutions.
