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Neuroanatomy and Neurotransmission: A Glossary of Terms, Quizzes of Psychology

Definitions for various terms related to neuroanatomy and neurotransmission, including neurons, glia, soma, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, terminal buttons, synapse, neurotransmitters, action potential, and resting potential. It also covers the functions of different neurotransmitters in relation to specific disorders and neurological systems.

Typology: Quizzes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 09/29/2010

bigd90
bigd90 🇺🇸

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TERM 1
Individual cells in the nervous system that
receive, integrate, and transmit information
DEFINITION 1
Neurons
TERM 2
cells found throughout the nervous system
that provide various types of support for
neurons
DEFINITION 2
glia
TERM 3
Soma
DEFINITION 3
Cell body; contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical
machinery common to most cells
TERM 4
Dendrite
DEFINITION 4
the parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive
information
TERM 5
Axon
DEFINITION 5
a long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma
to other neurons or to muscles or glands
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Individual cells in the nervous system that

receive, integrate, and transmit information

Neurons

TERM 2

cells found throughout the nervous system

that provide various types of support for

neurons

DEFINITION 2

glia

TERM 3

Soma

DEFINITION 3

Cell body; contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical

machinery common to most cells

TERM 4

Dendrite

DEFINITION 4

the parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive

information

TERM 5

Axon

DEFINITION 5

a long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma

to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Myelin Sheath

insulating material secreted by schwann cells that encases

some axons

TERM 7

Terminal Buttons

DEFINITION 7

small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters

TERM 8

Synapse

DEFINITION 8

a junction where information is transmitted form one neuron

to another

TERM 9

Neurotransmitter

DEFINITION 9

chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to

another

TERM 10

Action Potential

DEFINITION 10

a very breif shift in a neuron's electrical charge that travels

along an axon. This is the point at which the charges inside

and outside the neuron are temporarily reversed so that an

axon has a positive charge on the inside and a negative

charge on the outside. The change in charge is caused by the

rapid influx of sodium into the cell.

Which neurotransmitter impacts Alzheimer's

disease?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

TERM 17

Which neurotransmitter impacts depressive

disorders, OCD, and eating disorders?

DEFINITION 17

Serotonin

TERM 18

Which neurotransmitter impacts Parkinsons,

Schizophrenic and addictive disorders?

DEFINITION 18

Dopamine (DA)

TERM 19

Which neurotransmitter resembles opiate

drugs and plays a role in pain relief?

DEFINITION 19

Endorphins

TERM 20

Afferent Neurons

DEFINITION 20

Carry information to the CNS, away from the PNS

Efferent Neurons

Carry information away from the CNS, to the PNS

TERM 22

Somatic Nervous System

DEFINITION 22

made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal

muscles and to sensory receptors. Major division: afferent

and efferent neurons

TERM 23

Autonomic Nervous System

DEFINITION 23

made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels,

smooth muscles, and glands. Controls mainly unconscious

functions by the CNS

TERM 24

Sympathetic Division (ANS)

DEFINITION 24

mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies

TERM 25

Parasympathetic Division (ANS)

DEFINITION 25

conserves bodily resources

"Master Gland" that regulates other endocrine

glands

Pituitary Gland

TERM 32

Part of the limbic system involved in learning

and memory

DEFINITION 32

Hippocampus

TERM 33

involved in sleep and arousal

DEFINITION 33

Pons

TERM 34

Regulates largely unconscious functions such

as breathing and circulation

DEFINITION 34

Medulla

TERM 35

transmits information b/w brain and body;

simple reflexes

DEFINITION 35

Spinal Cord

group of fibers that carry stimulation related

to sleep & arousal through brainstem

Reticular Formation

TERM 37

Coordinates fine muscle movement and

balance

DEFINITION 37

Cerebellum

TERM 38

relay center for cortex; handles

incoming/outgoing signals

DEFINITION 38

Thalamus

TERM 39

bridge of fibers passing info b/w two cerebral

hemispheres

DEFINITION 39

Corpus Callosum

TERM 40

Endocrine System

DEFINITION 40

Controls bodily functions by secreting chemicals into the

bloodstream. These chemicals, or hormones, are much like

neurotransmitters only they are not as fast and tend to be

less specific and act on many target cells throughout the

body.