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Integuments
Layer of sporophyte tissue that contributes to the structure of an ovule of a seed plant. TERM 2
Ovule
DEFINITION 2 A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte TERM 3
Pollen Grains
DEFINITION 3 The structures that contain the male gametophyte of seed plants. TERM 4
Pollination
DEFINITION 4 The transfer of pollen to the part of the seed plant containing the ovules, a process that is a prerequisite for fertilization. TERM 5
Seed
DEFINITION 5 An adaptation for terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a resistant coat.
Conifer
A member of the largest gymnosperm phylum. Most conifers are cone-bearing trees, such as pines and firs. TERM 7
Progymnosperms
DEFINITION 7 Extinct seedless vascular plants that may be ancestral to seed plants. TERM 8
Flower
DEFINITION 8 In an angiosperm, a short stem with up to 4 sets of modified leaves, bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction. TERM 9
Sepals
DEFINITION 9 A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens. TERM 10
Petal
DEFINITION 10 A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators
Style
The stalk of a flower's carpal, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top TERM 17
Ovary
DEFINITION 17 The portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop. TERM 18
Receptacle
DEFINITION 18 The base of a flower; the part of the stem that is the site of attachment of the floral organs. TERM 19
Pistil
DEFINITION 19 A single carpel or a group of fused carpals. TERM 20
Fruit
DEFINITION 20 A mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds an aids in their dispersal
Pericarp
The thickened wall of a fruit TERM 22
Embryo Sac
DEFINITION 22 The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure with 8 haploid nuclei TERM 23
Cross Pollination
DEFINITION 23 In angiosperms, the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on the plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the SAME species TERM 24
Micropyle
DEFINITION 24 A pore in the integuments of an ovule TERM 25
Double Fertilization
DEFINITION 25 A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which 2 sperm cells unite with 2 cells in the embryo sac to form the ZYGOTE and ENDOSPERM.
Basal Angiosperms
The most primitive lineages of flowering plants, including Amborella, water lilies, and star anise and relatives TERM 32
Magnoliids
DEFINITION 32 A flowering plant clade that evolved later than basal angiosperms but before monocots and eudicots. Extant examples are magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants. TERM 33
(Chapter 35) Plasticity
DEFINITION 33 An organism's ability to alter or "mold" itself in response to local environmental conditions TERM 34
Morphology
DEFINITION 34 The study of the form, structure and configuration of an organism. TERM 35
Organ
DEFINITION 35 A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues
Tissue
An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both. TERM 37
Root System
DEFINITION 37 All of a plant's roots that anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food. TERM 38
Shoot System
DEFINITION 38 The aerial portion of a plant body consisting of stems, leaves and (in angiosperms) flowers. TERM 39
Taproot System
DEFINITION 39 A root system common to eudicots, consisting of one large, vertical root (the taproot) that produces many smaller lateral, or branch, roots. TERM 40
Lateral Roots
DEFINITION 40 A root that arises from the outer-most layer of the pericycle of an established root
Axillary Bud
A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch. The bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem. TERM 47
Terminal Bud
DEFINITION 47 Embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, made up of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes TERM 48
Apical Dominance
DEFINITION 48 Concentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth. TERM 49
Leaf
DEFINITION 49 The main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants TERM 50
Blade
DEFINITION 50 (1) A leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis (2) The flattened portion of a typical leaf.
Petiole
The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem. TERM 52
Veins
DEFINITION 52 A vascular bundle in a leaf. TERM 53
Tissue System
DEFINITION 53 One or more tissues organized into a functional unit connection the organs of a plant. TERM 54
Dermal Tissue System
DEFINITION 54 The outer protective covering for plants. TERM 55
Epidermis
DEFINITION 55 The dermal tissue system of non-woody plants usually consisting of a single layer tightly packed cells.
Stele
The vascular tissue of a stem or root TERM 62
Vascular Cylinder
DEFINITION 62 The central cylinder of vascular tissue in a root. TERM 63
Vascular Bundles
DEFINITION 63 A strand of vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem) in a stem or leaf. TERM 64
Ground Tissue System
DEFINITION 64 Plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support TERM 65
Pith
DEFINITION 65 Ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder.
Cortex
Ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or dicot stem TERM 67
Protoplast
DEFINITION 67 The contents of a plant cell exclusive of the cell wall. TERM 68
Parenchyma Cell
DEFINITION 68 A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products and develops into a more differentiated cell type TERM 69
Collenchyma Cell
DEFINITION 69 A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth. TERM 70
Sclerenchyma Cell
DEFINITION 70 a rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking protoplasts and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity
Sieve Tube Members
A living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem of angiosperms TERM 77
Sieve Plates
DEFINITION 77 An end wall in sieve-tube member, which facilitates the flow of phloem sap in angiosperm sieve tubes. TERM 78
Companion Cells
DEFINITION 78 A type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve tube member by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve tube members. TERM 79
Indeterminate Growth
DEFINITION 79 A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives. TERM 80
Determinate Growth
DEFINITION 80 A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops after a certain size is reached.
Annuals
A flowering plant that completes it entire life cycle in a single year or growing season TERM 82
Biennials
DEFINITION 82 A flowering plant that requires two years to complete its life cycle TERM 83
Perennials
DEFINITION 83 A flowering plant that lives for many years TERM 84
Meristems
DEFINITION 84 Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing or indeterminate growth. TERM 85
Apical Meristems
DEFINITION 85 Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length
Cork Cambium
A cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that places the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells. TERM 92
Initials
DEFINITION 92 Cells that remain within an apical meristem as sources of new cells TERM 93
Derivatives
DEFINITION 93 New cells that are displaced from an apical meristem and continue to divide until the cells they produce become specialized. TERM 94
Primary Plant Body
DEFINITION 94 The tissues produced by apical meristems, lengthening stems and roots. TERM 95
Root Cap
DEFINITION 95 A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem
Zone of Cell Division
The zone of primary growth in roots consisting of the root apical meristem and its derivatives. New root cells are produces in this region. TERM 97
Zone of Elongation
DEFINITION 97 The zone of primary growth in roots where new cells elongate, sometimes up to ten times their original length. TERM 98
Zone of Maturation
DEFINITION 98 The zone of primary growth in roots where cells complete their differentiation and become functionally mature TERM 99
Endodermis
DEFINITION 99 The innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and vascular cylinder TERM 100
Leaf of Primordia
DEFINITION 100 Finger-like projections along the flanks of a shoot apical meristem, from which leaves arise
