Chapter 32: An Introduction to Animals Latest Updated 2024/2025, Exams of Geography

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Chapter 32: An Introduction to

Animals

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The Best Study Notes

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Figure 32.

1. As you are on the way to Tahiti for a vacation, your plane crash-lands on a previously undiscovered island. You soon find that the island is teeming with unfamiliar organisms and, as a student of biology, you decide to survey them (with the aid of the Insta-Lab Portable Laboratory you brought along in your suitcase). You select three organisms and observe them in detail, making the notations found in Figure 32.1.

Which organism would you classify as an animal? A) organism A B) organism B C) organism C Answer: C Reference: Section 32, Introduction Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp32-1. Explain what defines an animal.

2. Which of the following species would you not classify as an animal? A) sponges B) horses C) blue whales D) choanoflagellates Answer: D Reference: Section 32.1, 32. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp32-1. Explain what defines an animal.

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LOs: Chp32-2. Describe the fundamental changes in morphology and development that occurred as animals diversified, including symmetry, cephalization, germ layers, limbs, etc.

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7. While looking at some seawater through your microscope, you spot the egg of an unknown animal. Which of the following tests could you not use to determine whether the developing organism is a protostome or a deuterostome? A) See whether the ectoderm forms the mature animal's skin/exoskeleton or nervous system B) See whether the animal exhibits spiral cleavage or radial cleavage during early development. C) See whether the coelom is formed from a split in the mesoderm or from mesodermal pockets pinched off the gut. D) See whether the pore formed during gastrulation becomes the mature animal's mouth or its anus. Answer: A Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp32-2. Describe the fundamental changes in morphology and development that occurred as animals diversified, including symmetry, cephalization, germ layers, limbs, etc.

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9. Bilateral symmetry is advantageous primarily because it allows for the development of A) a specialized head and posterior. B) a hydrostatic skeleton. C) limbs for the infant to attach to a parent. D) a specialized body cavity. E) duplicate body parts in case of injury. Answer: A Explanation: A) Answers B and D are incorrect but might be tempting because most, though not all, bilaterally symmetrical organisms also have a coelom (and thus the potential for a hydrostatic skeleton). Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp32-2. Describe the fundamental changes in morphology and development that occurred as animals diversified, including symmetry, cephalization, germ layers, limbs, etc.

10. Suppose a researcher for a pest-control company developed a chemical that inhibited the development of an embryonic mosquito's endodermal cells. Which of the following would be a likely mechanism by which this pesticide works? A) The mosquito would develop a weakened exoskeleton that would make it vulnerable to trauma. B) The mosquito would have trouble digesting food, due to impaired gut function. C) The mosquito would have trouble with respiration and circulation, due to impaired muscle function. D) The mosquito wouldn't be affected at all. Answer: B Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp32-2. Describe the fundamental changes in morphology and development that occurred as animals diversified, including symmetry, cephalization, germ layers, limbs, etc.

11. The embryo doesn't grow larger during the stage known as cleavage. What is going on in the embryo during this process? A) Cleavage is just the stage at which cells begin to differentiate; that is, endodermal cells start to look different from ectodermal and mesodermal cells. B) The cells are dividing at this stage, but all the cytoplasm is being split between resulting cells without the formation of new cytoplasm. C) Cleavage is the formation of the gastropore that is used to differentiate protostomes and deuterostomes. D) Cleavage is the process by which the polarity of the cell is established; that is, the anterior is distinguished from the posterior. Answer: B Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp32-2. Describe the fundamental changes in morphology and development that

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occurred as animals diversified, including symmetry, cephalization, germ layers, limbs, etc.

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15. Which one of the following objects most closely resembles the pattern of the tube-within-a- tube body plan? A) a bowling ball (with finger holes drilled) B) a pipe with a straw inside C) a cup with a straw in it D) a soda can with the tab removed Answer: B Explanation: B) Do not use this question in combination with the following question: "If you think of the tube-within-a-tube body plan as a pipe with a straw inside, where would you expect to find most of the ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal germ layers, respectively?" It can be very helpful if students have a mental image of the tube-within-a-tube body plan in order to understand its design and utility. Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp32-3. Build a phylogenetic tree that reflects our current understanding of the evolutionary relationships among the major lineages of animals.

16. If you think of the tube-within-a-tube body plan as a pipe with a straw inside, where would you expect to find most of the ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal germ layers, respectively? A) pipe; space between pipe and straw; straw B) straw; space between pipe and straw; pipe C) space inside of straw; straw; space between pipe and straw D) pipe; straw; space inside of straw Answer: A Explanation: A) Do not use this question in combination with the following question: 'Which one of the following objects most closely resembles the pattern of the tube-within-a-tube body plan?' It can be very helpful if students have a mental image of the tube-within-a-tube body plan in order to understand its design and utility. Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp32-2. Describe the fundamental changes in morphology and development that occurred as animals diversified, including symmetry, cephalization, germ layers, limbs, etc.

17. Why might researchers choose to use molecular data (such as ribosomal RNA sequences) rather than morphological data to study the evolutionary history of animals? A) Molecular data can be gathered in the lab, while morphological data must be gathered in the field. B) Sequence data can be gathered faster than morphological data, and morphological data can lead to wrong conclusions. C) Morphological changes usually don't result from molecular changes. D) Some phyla vary too widely in morphological characteristics to be classified accurately. Answer: B Reference: Section 32.

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Bloom's Level: Remembering

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B) Although acoelomates and pseudocoelomates evolved only once, coelomates evolved multiple times in different lineages. C) Only the animals that evolved earliest are acoelomates.

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D) Some pseudocoelomates and acoelomates have evolved from coelomates. Answer: D Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp32-3. Build a phylogenetic tree that reflects our current understanding of the evolutionary relationships among the major lineages of animals.

Figure 32.

19. From the information provided in the figure above, how would you classify the feeding strategy of organism C? A) suspension feeding B) predation C) parasitism D) A and B E) B and C Answer: D Explanation: D) The article referenced here is available online at www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=34321, and the figure referenced is available at www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=34321&rendertype=figure&id=F1. Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp32-4. List several examples of the diverse adaptions of animals, including their senses and adaptations for feeding, movement, and reproduction.

20. The text describes four ways, or tactics, of feeding. Which of the following is NOT one of those ways? A) suspension feeding B) food-mass feeding C) herbivory feeding D) deposit feeding E) fluid feeding Answer: C Reference: Section 32.

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and adaptations for feeding, movement, and reproduction.

21. A typical ectoparasite has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT that it A) lives outside its host. B) grasps its host with its legs or mouth. C) has piercing mouthparts. D) feeds from an organism larger than itself. E) lacks a digestive system. Answer: E Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp32-4. List several examples of the diverse adaptions of animals, including their senses and adaptations for feeding, movement, and reproduction.

22. Parasitism is one of the most successful life strategies ever to evolve. Which of the following is consistent with this finding? A) Parasites almost always predigest their hosts' tissues and, therefore, spend less energy and require fewer structural adaptations. B) Parasites, unlike predators, feed on almost all the tissues of their host. C) Parasites do not generally kill their hosts, thus they can feed on the same host throughout the host's normal life span and do not have competition from decomposers. D) Parasites generally kill their host and can feed for a very long time because they are much smaller than their host. Answer: C Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp32-4. List several examples of the diverse adaptions of animals, including their senses and adaptations for feeding, movement, and reproduction.

23. Due to its unusual habitat (inside the digestive tracts of other animals), the tapeworm lacks A) a head B) a mouth C) a digestive tract D) B and C E) A, B, and C Answer: D Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp32-4. List several examples of the diverse adaptions of animals, including their senses and adaptations for feeding, movement, and reproduction.

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24. Suppose all of the suspension feeders were removed from a lake. What would you expect to happen after a brief period of time? A) The water would become clearer. B) The water would become murkier. C) The water would remain the same. Answer: B Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp32-4. List several examples of the diverse adaptions of animals, including their senses and adaptations for feeding, movement, and reproduction.

25. Which of the following characteristics is least associated with a sessile lifestyle? A) the ability to secrete a poisonous coating B) the habit of feeding on mobile prey C) fluid feeding D) asexual reproduction Answer: C Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp32-4. List several examples of the diverse adaptions of animals, including their senses and adaptations for feeding, movement, and reproduction.

26. Which of the following feeding tactics is consistent with this list of features: two-part stomach capable of breaking down tough food particles; simple mouthparts; the ability to burrow through, and consume, indigestible fecal material to get to hidden food? A) suspension feeder B) fluid feeder C) deposit feeder D) food-mass feeder Answer: C Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp32-4. List several examples of the diverse adaptions of animals, including their senses and adaptations for feeding, movement, and reproduction.

27. Which feeding tactic is most associated with a large-toothed, predatory carnivore? A) suspension feeder B) fluid feeder C) deposit feeder D) food-mass feeder Answer: D Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp32-4. List several examples of the diverse adaptions of animals, including their senses

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Figure 32.

28. Dll is a gene known to direct limb development in the fruit fly. Researchers studying this gene have found that it is also expressed in developing appendages in animals from many other phyla as well, supporting the hypothesis that all animal appendages may be homologous. However, suppose researchers looking at Dll activity had instead found the results shown in Figure 32.4.

What would these results suggest? A) Dll is not actually involved in appendage development. B) Appendages evolved separately in protostomes and deuterostomes. C) Appendages coevolved with segmentation. D) All animal appendages are homologous. Answer: B Explanation: B) Optionally, a figure from the text or a simplified version thereof (including only the phyla listed above and with protostome/deuterostome development and segmentation marked) could be included with this question to make it more analytical and less recall based (i.e., the students would not have to remember the details of the phylogeny in order to answer the question) Reference: Section 32.2, 32. Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp32-4. List several examples of the diverse adaptions of animals, including their senses and adaptations for feeding, movement, and reproduction.

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29. Limbs—especially jointed limbs—are an important evolutionary development because they allow animals to A) inhabit aquatic environments. B) develop an endoskeleton. C) move quickly and precisely. D) undergo complete metamorphosis. E) have young disperse from sessile adults. Answer: C Explanation: C) Optionally, a figure from the text or a simplified version thereof (including only the phyla listed above and with protostome/deuterostome development and segmentation marked) could be included with this question to make it more analytical and less recall based (i.e., the students would not have to remember the details of the phylogeny in order to answer the question). Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp32-4. List several examples of the diverse adaptions of animals, including their senses and adaptations for feeding, movement, and reproduction.

30. Which reproductive strategy is facilitated by (i.e. is easier to use in) an aquatic habitat, as compared with a terrestrial habitat? A) asexual reproduction B) sexual reproduction C) external fertilization D) internal fertilization E) viviparity Answer: C Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp32-4. List several examples of the diverse adaptions of animals, including their senses and adaptations for feeding, movement, and reproduction.

31. To reproduce, many plants produce seeds—structures containing embryonic offspring along with nutrients inside a tough case. These offspring develop after being released by the parent plant. To which animal reproductive strategy is seed production most comparable? A) oviparous reproduction B) ovoviviparous reproduction C) viviparous reproduction Answer: A Reference: Section 32. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp32-4. List several examples of the diverse adaptions of animals, including their senses and adaptations for feeding, movement, and reproduction.