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2011 Edition Page 415
December 2011 Sect. 3B.
CHAPTER 3B. PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS
Section 3B.01 Yellow Center Line Pavement Markings and Warrants
Standard:
01 Center line pavement markings, when used, shall be the pavement markings used to delineate the separation of traffic lanes that have opposite directions of travel on a roadway and shall be yellow. Option:
02 Center line pavement markings may be placed at a location that is not the geometric center of the roadway.
03 On roadways without continuous Center line pavement markings, short sections may be marked with Center line pavement markings to control the position of traffic at specific locations, such as around curves, over hills, on approaches to grade crossings, at grade crossings, and at bridges. Standard:
04 The center line markings on two-lane, two-way roadways shall be one of the following as shown in Figure 3B-1: A. Two-direction passing zone markings consisting of a normal broken yellow line where crossing the center line markings for passing with care is permitted for traffic traveling in either direction; B. One-direction no-passing zone markings consisting of a double yellow line, one of which is a normal broken yellow line and the other is a normal solid yellow line, where crossing the center line markings for passing with care is permitted for the traffic traveling adjacent to the broken line, but is prohibited for traffic traveling adjacent to the solid line; or C. Two-direction no-passing zone markings consisting of two normal solid yellow lines where crossing the center line markings for passing is prohibited for traffic traveling in either direction.
05 A single solid yellow line shall not be used as a center line marking on a two-way roadway.
06 The center line markings on undivided two-way roadways with four or more lanes for moving motor vehicle traffic always available shall be the two-direction no-passing zone markings consisting of a solid double yellow line as shown in Figure 3B-2.
06a On State owned and operated roadways, raised pavement markers (RPM) (see Section 3B.11), when added to center lines, shall conform to Figure 3B-2b. Guidance:
07 On two-way roadways with three through lanes for moving motor vehicle traffic, two lanes should be designated for traffic in one direction by using one- or two-direction no-passing zone markings as shown in Figure 3B-3. Support:
08 Sections 11-301(c) and 11-311(c) of the “Uniform Vehicle Code (UVC)” contain information regarding left turns across center line no-passing zone markings and paved medians, respectively. The UVC can be obtained from the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances at the address shown on Page i.
08a Additional raised pavement marker guidelines are contained in the Pavement Marking Manual. This document can be obtained from the Maryland State Highway Administration’s Office of Traffic & Safety, Traffic Engineering Design Division (TEDD) at the address shown on Page i. Standard:
09 Center line markings shall be placed on all paved urban arterials and collectors that have a traveled way of 20 feet or more in width and an ADT of 6,000 vehicles per day or greater. Center line markings shall also be placed on all paved two-way streets or highways that have three or more lanes for moving motor vehicle traffic. Guidance:
10 Center line markings should be placed on paved urban arterials and collectors that have a traveled way of 20 feet or more in width and an ADT of 4,000 vehicles per day or greater. Center line markings should also be placed on all rural arterials and collectors that have a traveled way of 18 feet or more in width and an ADT of 3,000 vehicles per day or greater. Center line markings should also be placed on other traveled ways where an engineering study indicates such a need.
11 Engineering judgment should be used in determining whether to place center line markings on traveled ways that are less than 16 feet wide because of the potential for traffic encroaching on the pavement edges, traffic being affected by parked vehicles, and traffic encroaching into the opposing traffic lane.
Notes: See Section 2B.28 and Section 2B.29 for signing criteria.
Legend Direction of travel
A - Typical two-lane, two-way marking
with passing permitted in both directions
B - Typical two-lane, two-way marking
with no-passing zones
No- passing zone
No- passing zone
Figure 3B-1. Examples of Two-Lane, Two-Way Marking Applications
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Sect. 3B.01 December 2011
Optional dotted extension
Optional yellow diagonal crosshatch markings
Optional dotted extension
A - Typical multi-lane,
two-way marking
B - Typical multi-lane, two-way marking
with single lane left turn channelization
Legend Optional in some conditions (see Section 3B.20) Direction of tr
Application shall not be used for State owned, operated, and maintained roadways.
avel
Figure 3B-2. Examples of Four-or-More Lane, Two-Way Marking Applications
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Sect. 3B.01 December 2011
A - Typical multi-lane,
two-way marking
B - Typical multi-lane, two-way marking
with single lane left turn channelization
Legend
Direction of tr
Notes:
- See Section 3B.07 for edge line warrants.
- Left turn arrows shall be installed when engineering study determines a need. See Figure 3B-24 for details of Pavement Marking Arrows.
avel
Figure 3B-2a. Examples of Four-or-More Lane, Two-Way Marking Applications Along State Owned, Operated and Maintained Roadways
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December 2011 Sect. 3B.
2011 Edition Page 421
December 2011 Sect. 3B.01 to 3B.
Option:
12 Center line markings may be placed on other paved two-way traveled ways that are 16 feet or more in width.
13 If a traffic count is not available, the ADTs described in this Section may be estimates that are based on engineering judgment.
Section 3B.02 No-Passing Zone Pavement Markings and Warrants
Standard:
01 No-passing zones shall be marked by either the one direction no-passing zone pavement markings or the two-direction no-passing zone pavement markings described in Section 3B.01 and shown in Figures 3B- 1 and 3B-3.
02 When center line markings are used, no-passing zone markings shall be used on two-way roadways at lane-reduction transitions (see Section 3B.09) and on approaches to obstructions that must be passed on the right (see Section 3B.10).
03 On two-way, two- or three-lane roadways where center line markings are installed, no-passing zones shall be established at vertical and horizontal curves and other locations where an engineering study indicates that passing must be prohibited because of inadequate sight distances or other special conditions.
04 On roadways with center line markings, no-passing zone markings shall be used at horizontal or vertical curves where the passing sight distance is less than the minimum shown in Table 3B-1 for the 85 th-percentile speed or the posted or statutory speed limit, whichever is higher. The passing sight distance on a vertical curve is the distance at which an object 3.5 feet above the pavement surface can be seen from a point 3.5 feet above the pavement (see Figure 3B-4). Similarly, the passing sight distance on a horizontal curve is the distance measured along the center line or right-hand lane line of a three-lane roadway) between two points 3.5 feet above the pavement on a line tangent to the embankment or other obstruction that cuts off the view on the inside of the curve (see Figure 3B-4).
B - Typical three-lane, two-way marking with
passing prohibited in single-lane direction
A - Typical three-lane, two-way marking with
passing permitted in single-lane direction
Legend Direction of travel
Figure 3B-3. Examples of Three-Lane, Two-Way Marking Applications
Sect. 3B.02 December 2011
Page 422 2011 Edition
Support: 05 The upstream end of a no-passing zone at point “a” in Figure 3B-4 is that point where the sight distance first becomes less than that specified in Table 3B-1. The downstream end of the no-passing zone at point “b” in Figure 3B-4 is that point at which the sight distance again becomes greater than the minimum specified. 06 The values of the minimum passing sight distances that are shown in Table 3B-1 are for operational use in marking no-passing zones and are less than the values that are suggested for geometric design by the AASHTO Policy on Geometric Design of Streets and Highways (see Section 1A.11). Guidance: 07 Where the distance between successive no-passing zones is less than 400 feet, no-passing markings should connect the zones. Standard: 08 Where center line markings are used, no-passing zone markings shall be used on approaches to grade crossings in compliance with Section 8B.27. Option: 09 In addition to pavement markings, no-passing zone signs (see Sections 2B.28, 2B.29, and 2C.45) may be used to emphasize the existence and extent of a no-passing zone. Support: 10 Section 11-307 of the “Uniform Vehicle Code (UVC)” contains further information regarding required road user behavior in no-passing zones. The UVC can be obtained from the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances at the address shown on Page i. Standard: 11 On three-lane roadways where the direction of travel in the center lane transitions from one direction to the other, a no-passing buffer zone shall be provided in the center lane as shown in Figure 3B-5. A lane- reduction transition (see Section 3B.09) shall be provided at each end of the buffer zone. 12 The buffer zone shall be a flush median island formed by two sets of double yellow center line markings that is at least 50 feet in length. Option:
13 Yellow diagonal crosshatch markings (see Section 3B.24) may be placed in the flush median area between the two sets of no-passing zone markings as shown in Figure 3B-5. Guidance: 14 For three-lane roadways having a posted or statutory speed limit of 45 mph or greater, the lane transition taper length should be computed by the formula L = WS. For roadways where the posted or statutory speed limit is less than 45 mph, the formula L = WS 2 /60 should be used to compute the taper length. Support: 15 Under both formulas, L equals the taper length in feet, W equals the width of the center lane or offset distance in feet, and S equals the 85 th^ -percentile speed or the posted or statutory speed limit, whichever is higher. Guidance: 16 The minimum lane transition taper length should be 100 feet in urban areas and 200 feet in rural areas.
Table 3B-1. Minimum Passing Sight Distances for No-Passing Zone Markings
85th-Percentile or Posted or Statutory Speed Limit
Minimum Passing Sight Distance 25 mph 450 feet 30 mph 500 feet 35 mph 550 feet 40 mph 600 feet 45 mph 700 feet 50 mph 800 feet 55 mph 900 feet 60 mph 1,000 feet 65 mph 1,100 feet 70 mph 1,200 feet
Page 424 2011 Edition
Notes:
- See Section 3B.02 for determining the minimum length of the buffer zone
- Lane-reduction arrows are optional for speeds of 40 mph or less
- See Figure 3B-14 for lane-reduction transition markings and determination of taper length L
Car “X”
Car “Y”
Two directional no- passing marking
Two directional no- passing marking
Zone of limited sight distance, Car “Y”
Buffer zone
Zone of limited sight distance, Car “X”
(see Note 3)
Optional yellow diagonal crosshatch markings
Figure 3B-5. Example of Application of Three-Lane, Two-Way Marking for Changing Direction of the Center Lane
Sect. 3B.03 December 2011
Legend Direction of travel Optional Cross Hatching
See Figure 3B-7e for RPM placement for flush medians.
45 o
15 inch Yellow
50 ft. Min.
2011 Edition Page 425
December 2011 Sect. 3B.03 to 3B.
Section 3B.03 Other Yellow Longitudinal Pavement Markings
Standard:
01 If reversible lanes are used, the lane line pavement markings on each side of reversible lanes shall consist of a normal broken double yellow line to delineate the edge of a lane in which the direction of travel is reversed from time to time, such that each of these markings serve as the center line markings of the roadway during some period (see Figure 3B-6).
02 Signs (see Section 2B.26), lane-use control signals (see Chapter 4M), or both shall be used to supplement reversible lane pavement markings.
03 If a two-way left-turn lane that is never operated as a reversible lane is used, the lane line pavement markings on each side of the two-way left-turn lane shall consist of a normal broken yellow line and a normal solid yellow line to delineate the edges of a lane that can be used by traffic in either direction as part of a left-turn maneuver. These markings shall be placed with the broken line toward the two-way left-turn lane and the solid line toward the adjacent traffic lane as shown in Figure 3B-7. On State owned and operated intersections, when an exclusive left turn segment is inserted within a two-way left turn system, at least one left turn arrow shall be used to indicate the nature of that segment. The word "ONLY" shall not be used. See Figure 3B-7a for details. Guidance:
04
04a
03a
White two-way left-turn lane-use arrows (see Figure 3B-7), should be used in conjunction with the longitudinal two-way left-turn markings at the locations described in Section 3B.20. Raised pavement markers, when used in left turn lane with two-way center left turn, should conform to Figure 3B-7b.
05 Signs should be used in conjunction with the two-way left turn markings (see Section 2B.24).
Standard: 06 If a continuous flush median island formed by pavement markings separating travel in opposite directions is used, two sets of solid double yellow lines shall be used to form the island as shown in Figures 3B-2 and 3B-5. Other markings in the median island area shall also be yellow, except crosswalk markings which shall be white (see Section 3B.18).
Section 3B.04 White Lane Line Pavement Markings and Warrants
Standard:
01 When used, lane line pavement markings delineating the separation of traffic lanes that have the same direction of travel shall be white.
02
02a
Lane line markings shall be used on all freeways and Interstate highways. Lane lines between adjacent traffic lanes shall be continued right up to the stop line as shown in figures in Chapter 3B. Guidance:
03 Lane line markings should be used on all roadways that are intended to operate with two or more adjacent traffic lane in the same direction of travel, except as otherwise required for reversible lanes. Lane line markings should also be used at congested locations where the roadway will accommodate more traffic lanes with lane line markings than without the markings.
Legend Direction of travel
or
Figure 3B-6. Example of Reversible Lane Marking Application
2011 Edition Page 427
MINOR CROSS STREET
MAJOR CROSS STREET
8 to 16 ft
Legend Direction of travel
Note: Single-direction left-turn arrows shall not be used in lanes bordered on both sides by two-way left-turn lane markings.
See Section 3B.20 for use of additional arrows beyond the beginning of the two-way left-turn lane
Figure 3B-7. Example of Two-Way Left-Turn Lane Marking Applications
December 2011 Sect. 3B.
Legend Direction of travel Lane Use Arrows Sign Optional
ev ir D
Drive
Drive
evi r D
R3-9b
R3-9b
R3-9b
R3-9b
M4-
M4-6(1)
General Notes:
- R3-9 Series signs shall be used in conjunction with 2-way left turn pavement marking arrows.
- Exclusive left turn arrow markings shall be used for major left turn bays.
- One set of arrows shall be placed on each approach to all major intersecting streets. The arrow shall be placed 50 feet beyond the beginning of the full width marked double yellow centerline.
- See Section 3B.11 to 3B.14 for RPM standards. See Figure 3B-27f for Turn Bay Pavement Marking
50 ft.
8 ft.
8 ft.
32 ft.
800 ft.Typ. 50 ft.
R3-9a
R3-9a R3-9b
R3-9a
R3-9a MAJOR CROSS STREET
MINOR CROSS STREET
MINOR CROSS STREET
MINOR CROSS STREET
Page 428 2011 Edition
Sect. 3B.04 December 2011
Figure 3B-7a. Examples of Combination Lane and Centerline Markings
- Two-way Left Turn Lane
50 ft.
200 ft.
50 ft.
200 ft.
Legend
Direction of travel
2 inches se Min. ni L en aL
no it cu rt sn o C
tn io J
80 ft.
80 ft.
General Notes:
- All RPM's shall be mono-directional white.
- RPM's on main line are installed so that the reflective element is perpendicular to the main line of traffic.
- RPM's are located on the same centerline as the striping and placed approximately midpoint between lane stripes.
- RPM's should be placed at 80 feet intervals. Where conflicts occur between the lane line and construction joint, the RPM spacing may be reduced to 40 feet spacings.
- RPM's shall be installed at least 2 inches to from any construction joint.
- In cases where the proper RPM location is prohibited due to a construction joint or deteriorating pavement surface, the RPM should deviate longitudinally by a distance not greater than 10 percent of the typical spacing between RPM's. No lateral deviation from the lane alignment shall occur.
- See Section 3B.11 through 3B.14 for RPM standards.
Figure 3B-7c. Examples of Raised Pavement Markers
Raised pavement marker (RPM)
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Sect. 3B.04 December 2011
Lane line
Through Traffic
Through Traffic
o
Left Turn Traffic
Legend
Direction of travel
< 200 ft.
4 et o N ee S
See Note 4
36 ft.
36 ft.
36 ft.
re ff u B
" A" el ba T ee S
Mono-Dir White
Edge line
Bi-Dir Yellow
General Notes:
- RPM's reflector types as shown.
- All RPM's are installed so that the reflective element is perpendicular to through traffic (see INSETs).
- RPM's supplementing the double solid yellow center line are installed so that all markers are installed between the double solid lines.
- RPM's supplementing the yellow centerline along the left turn lane are spaced 20 feet apart for the entire length of the turn lane if the full width turn bay is equal to or less than 200 feet. If the turn lane is greater than 200 feet then RPM's are spaced at 40 feet throughout the entire length of the turn lane.
- For RPM's suplementing broken white lines, see Figure 3B-7c. For dotted lines details, see Figure 3A-1a.
- If used, RPM's shall extend back from the left turn bay a distance as shown on Table “A”.
- See Section 3B.11 through 3B.14 for RPM standards.
- If used, RPM’s shall continue to the stop line.
0.5 in. - 1.5 in. Table “A” Length of Buffer
2011 Edition Page 431
December 2011 Sect. 3B.
85th Percentile Speed (mph)
Distance (feet) 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Figure 3B-7d. Examples of Left Turn Lane
- Raised Pavement Markers.
Raised pavement marker (RPM)
Shoulder Shoulder
L
0.5L
per Ta e
Departur
erp
ch Ta roa ppA
Lane ss
Bypa of h ngte L
Departure Taper L: For S < 45 mph, L = W(S-10) / 60 For S > 45 mph, L = W(S-10) W = Lane Width (ft) S = 85th percentile Prevailing Speed (mph)
2
10 ft. Min.
Legend Direction of travel
100 ft.
100 ft.
50 ft. to 100 ft.
200 ft.
.n i M 10 ft. Min.
Shoulder Shoulder
L re Taper rtu epa D
erp
ch Ta oa
L pprA
*d ee ps gn ili av er p no de sa B
de ri uq er ec na tsi d gn ik ae rb ef as
*d ee ps gn ili av er p no de sa B
The length of the auxiliary lane should be determined by referencing the latest edition of AASHTO’s “A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets”.
ht gn eL eu eu Q
5 inch white
5 inch double yellow
See Figure 3A-1a for spacing of Type I Dotted Lines
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
B
C
C
B
A
C
C
C
Figure 3B-7f. Examples of Auxiliary Lane Lines
- By-pass Lane.
2011 Edition Page 433
December 2011 Sect. 3B.
100 ft.
Optional White Chevron Marking in Neutral Area, see Figure 3B-9c.
50 ft. Typ. 100 ft. Max.
General Notes:
- Gore line on-off ramp should parallel right edge line and the theoretical gore. After theoretical gore left edge line may taper out to the full width of the ramp.
- Ramp width beyond the gore should be striped to a width capable of handling a WB- truck.
- See Figure 3B-10a for application of lane line markings. See Figure 3A-1a for spacing of Type II Dotted Line.
Legend Direction of travel
12 ft. Max.
Full Width Decel.
50 ft.
50 ft.
Theoretical Gore
L (Taper) 300 ft. Typ. 200 ft. Min.
Physical Gore
A - Parallel deceleration lane
Departure Taper L: For S < 45 mph, L = W(S-10) / 60 For S > 45 mph, L = W(S-10) W = Lane Width (ft) S = 85th percentile Prevailing Speed (mph)
2
Page 434 2011 Edition
Figure 3B-8. Examples of Dotted Line and Channelizing Line Applications for Exit Ramp Markings (Sheet 1 of 6)
Sect. 3B.04 December 2011
