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computer metaphor
the idea that the brain is an information-processing organ that operates, in some ways like a computer. TERM 2
concepts
DEFINITION 2 mental groupings of similar objects, ideas, or experiences. TERM 3
natural concepts
DEFINITION 3 mental representations of objects and events drawn from our direct experience. TERM 4
prototype
DEFINITION 4 an ideal or most representative example of a conceptual category. TERM 5
artificial concepts
DEFINITION 5 concepts defined by rules, such as word definitions and mathematical formulas.
concept hierarchies
levels of concepts, from most general to most specific, in which a more general level includes more specific concepts. TERM 7
intuition
DEFINITION 7 the ability to make judgments without consciously reasoning. TERM 8
script
DEFINITION 8 a cluster of knowledge about sequences of events and actions expected to occur in particular settings. TERM 9
algorithms
DEFINITION 9 problem-solving procedures of formulas that guarantee a correct outcome, if correctly applied TERM 10
heuristics
DEFINITION 10 cognitive strategies or "rules of thumb" used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks. Do not guarantee a correct solution.
base rate
information
the probability of a characteristic occurring in the general population. TERM 17
availability bias
DEFINITION 17 a faulty heuristic strategy that estimates probabilities based on the availability of a vivid mental images of the event. TERM 18
tyranny of choice
DEFINITION 18 the impairment of effective decision making when confronted with an overwhelming number of choices. TERM 19
creativity
DEFINITION 19 a mental process that produces novel responses that contribute to the solutions of problems TERM 20
experts
DEFINITION 20 individuals who possess well-organized funds of knowledge, including the effective problem solving strategies, in a field
aptitudes
innate potentialities (as contrasted with abilities acquired by learning) TERM 22
intelligence
DEFINITION 22 the mental capacity to acquire knowledge, reason, and solve problems effectively. TERM 23
mental age (MA)
DEFINITION 23 the average age at which normal (average) individuals achieve a particular score. TERM 24
chronological age (CA)
DEFINITION 24 the number of years since an individuals birth. TERM 25
intelligence quotient (IQ)
DEFINITION 25 a numerical score on an intelligence test, originally computed by dividing the person's mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100.
g factor
a general ability, proposed by Spearman, as the main factor underlying all intelligent mental activity. TERM 32
crystallized intelligence
DEFINITION 32 the knowledge a person has acquired, plus the ability to access that knowledge. TERM 33
fluid intelligence
DEFINITION 33 the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. TERM 34
practical intelligence
DEFINITION 34 according to Sternberg, the ability to cope with the environment; sometimes called "street smarts." TERM 35
analytical intelligence
DEFINITION 35 according to Sternberg, the ability measured by most IQ tests; includes the ability to analyze problems and find correct answers.
creative intelligence
according to Sternburg, the form of intelligence that helps people see new relationships among concepts; involves insight TERM 37
triarchic theory
DEFINITION 37 the term for Sternburg's theory of intelligence; so called because it combines three main forms of intelligence. TERM 38
wisdom
DEFINITION 38 according to Sternburg; using one's intelligence toward a common goof rather than a selfish pursuit. TERM 39
multiple intelligences
DEFINITION 39 a term used to refer to Gardner's theory, which proposes that there are eight (or more) forms of intelligence. TERM 40
self-fulfilling prophecy
DEFINITION 40 observations or behaviors that result primarily from expectations.
processor of information
Cognitive scientist have adopted the computer as a metaphor for the brain, as a ????????? TERM 47
concepts
DEFINITION 47 The information we use in thought can come from raw data we receive from our senses, but it can also come from meaningful ??????? in long-term memory. TERM 48
Swiss Army Knife
DEFINITION 48 Evolutionary psychologist suggest the brain is more like a ???????, an all-purpose tool that can adapt to many uses, with a variety of specialized components for particular functions. TERM 49
Concepts, images, schemas, and scripts.
DEFINITION 49 building blocks of thought TERM 50
cognition
DEFINITION 50 Information processing in the brain
senses, emotions and memory
Thinking is a cognitive process in which the brain uses information from the ???,???,??? to create ad manipulate mental representations such as concepts, images, schemas, and scripts TERM 52
mental categories
DEFINITION 52 The ability to assimilate experiences, objects, or ideas into familiar ????????? is one of the most basic attributes of thinking organisms.
