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Purpose of Digestion
Hydrolyze(Hydrolysis) macromolecules to there sub unit (Monosacarides,Fatty Acids,Glycerol,&Amino Acids) TERM 2
Main Steps in Digestive Process
DEFINITION 2 Ingestion Digestion Movement Absorption Elimination TERM 3
4 Major Layers of the GI Tract
Wall
DEFINITION 3 Mucosa = Innermost Layer. Produces mucus to protect lining&produce digestive enzymes Submucosa= 2nd Layer. Loose connective tissue. Contains blood vessels,lymphatic vessels,&nerves Muscularis= 3rd Layer. Made of 2 smooth muscle layers which move food along the GI tract Serosa= Outer lining. Part of the Peritoneum TERM 4
Pathways that food
follows
DEFINITION 4 MouthPharynxEsophagusStomachSmall IntestineLarge IntestineRectumAnus TERM 5
The Mouth
DEFINITION 5 3 Pairs of Salivary Glands Secrete Salivary Amylase Bolus (Mass of Chewed Food) formed by the tongue and moves it toward the (Pharynx)
The Pharynx
A Cavity Between the Mouth & Esophagus. Serves as a passageway for food&air TERM 7
Esophagus
DEFINITION 7 A long muscular tube. Carries food to the stomach TERM 8
Swallowing Food
DEFINITION 8 Involuntary Phase= once the food is in the Pharynx, Swallowing becomes a reflex. Epiglottis = Covers Voice Box. Makes sure food is rounded into the Esophagus. Food Moves down the Esophagus through Peristalsis i(Rythmic Contraction) TERM 9
The Stomach
DEFINITION 9 J-Shaped Organ with Thick Wall 3 Layers of Muscle in the Muscularis layer. Helps with Digestion and stretching. Deep Folds called the Rugae& Gastric Pits& Leads into the Gastric Glands Which secrete juices. Gastric Juices Contain Pepsin an Enzyme which breaks down proteins&HCI&Mucus. HCI= First line of defense TERM 10
Small Intestine
DEFINITION 10 Longer than the Large Intestine But has Smaller Diameter Ensymes secreted by the Pancreas into the SI Digest Carbohydrates,Fats and Proteins. Digested Food Absorption depends on Large Surface Area Created by Villi (Finger-Like Projections)&Microvilli. Amino Acid&Sugarsenter the Capillaries. Fatty Acid& Glycerol enter the Lacteals( Small Lymph Vessels)
Obesity Concers
Increased Risk of Premature Death, Type 2 Diabetes, CVD, Stoke, Gallbladder Disease, Hypertension,Repertory Dysfunction, Osteoarthritis and Certain Cancers. TERM 17
Nutrition
DEFINITION 17 Components of food that are needed to perform physiological body functions. Nutrition Includes- Lipids- Portions- Carbohydrates- Minerals - Vitamins TERM 18
Carbohydrates
DEFINITION 18 Sugars or Polysacchardies, which are digested into simple sugars, which are important energy sources. Refined Grans: Minimized in the diet since fiber & Vitamins are removed. Complex Carbohydrates: Recommended as a good source of vitamins & minerals. TERM 19
Can Carbohydrates be Harmful?
DEFINITION 19 Refined sugars & fructose sweeteners may contribute to obesity. Food may cause the pancreases to secrete large amounts of insulin can lead to insulin resistance seen in type 2 diabetes & increased fat metabolism. TERM 20
Protiens
DEFINITION 20 Digested into 20 different amino acids, used to produce cellular proteins. Essential Amino Proteins CompleteProteins: Have all essential amino acids, usually derived from animals such as meat & dairy. Incomplete Proteins: Lack at least one essential amino acid. Needs to be combined with another incomplete protein to allow all amino acids to be used in the body. Can't be stored in the body
Lipds
Includes: Fats,Oils & Cholesterol Saturated Fats: (UsuallyAmino origin) Usually solid room temperature Unsaturated Fats: Usually liquid at room temperature. TERM 22
Can Lipids Be
Harmful?
DEFINITION 22 CVD Often result of arteries blocked by plaque made of cholesterol & saturated fats. Low Density lipopreotein(LDL) is "Bad" Cholesterol because it caries cholesterol from the liver to the cells LDL increased by saturated fats & decreased by unsaturated fats. (HDL) High Density Lipids"Good" cholesterol. Carries cholesterol to the liver & converted to Bio Salts. Trans-Fatty Acid: Made By Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid from commercial products. May reduce ability of cells to clear cholesterol from bloodstream. TERM 23
Sodium
DEFINITION 23 Can increase hypertension in people who already have it. Needed for regulating water balance. TERM 24
Vitamins
DEFINITION 24 Organic Compounds Are often enzyme helpers(coenzymes) Fat soluble(Vitamin A,K,E,D) water soluble(Vitamins C,B) TERM 25
Antioxidants
DEFINITION 25 Vitamins C,E,A
