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Artificial intelligence
Group of related technologies used for developing machines to emulate human qualities, such as learning, reasoning, communicating, seeing, and hearing. TERM 2
Business-to-business (B2B) system
DEFINITION 2 Direct sales between businesses that involve using the internet or a private network to cut transaction costs and increase efficiencies. TERM 3
Business-to-consumer (B2C) system
DEFINITION 3 System in which a business sells goods or services to consumers, or members of the general public. An example is Amazon.com. TERM 4
Character
DEFINITION 4 Also called byte; a single letter, number, or special character. TERM 5
Compression
DEFINITION 5 Method of removing repetitive elements from a file so that the file requires less storage space, then later decompressing the removed data, or restoring the repeated patterns.
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) system
System in which consumers sell goods or services directly to other consumers, often with the help of a third party, such as eBay. TERM 7
Data dictionary
DEFINITION 7 also called repository; a procedures document or disk file that stores data definitions and descriptions of database structure. It may also monitor new entries to the database as well as user access to the database. TERM 8
Data files
DEFINITION 8 Files that contain data words, numbers, pictures, sounds, and so on. TERM 9
Data mining (DM)
DEFINITION 9 Computer-assisted process of sifting through and analyzing vast amounts of data in order to extract hidden patterns and meaning and to discover new knowledge. TERM 10
Data storage hierarchy
DEFINITION 10 The levels of data stored in a computer database: bits, bytes (characters), fields, records, and files.
Decision support system (DSS)
Computer-based information system that helps managers with nonroutine decision-making tasks. Inputs consist of some summarized reports, some processed transaction data, and other internal data plus data from sources outside the organization. TERM 17
E-commerce
DEFINITION 17 Electronic commerce; the buying and selling of products and services through computer networks. TERM 18
Executive support system (ESS)
DEFINITION 18 Also called an executive information system (EIS); DSS made especially for top managers. It draws on data from both inside and outside the organization. TERM 19
Expert system
DEFINITION 19 Also called knowledge-based system; set of interactive computer programs that helps users solve problems that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert. Expert systems are created on the basis of knowledge collected on specific topics from human specialists, and they imitate the reasoning process of a human being. TERM 20
Field
DEFINITION 20 Unit of data consisting of one or more characters (bytes). Examples of fields are your first name, your street address, or your Social Security number.
File
Collection of related records. An example of a file is stored listing of everyone employed in the same department of a company, including all names, addresses, and Social Security numbers. TERM 22
Filename
DEFINITION 22 the name given to a file. TERM 23
Fuzzy logic
DEFINITION 23 Method of dealing with imprecise data and uncertainty, with problems that have many answers rather than one. TERM 24
Hierarchical database
DEFINITION 24 Database in which fields or records are arranged in related groups resembling a family tree, with child (lower-level) records subordinate to parent (higher-level) records. The patent record at the tip of the database is called the root record. TERM 25
Identity theft
DEFINITION 25 Also called theft of identity (TOI); crime in which thieves hijack a persons name and identity and use his or her good credit rating to get cash or buy things.
Object-oriented database
Database that uses objects, software written in small, reusable chunks, as elements within database files. An object consists of (1) data in any form, including graphics, audio, and video, and (2) instructions for the action to be taken on the data. TERM 32
Office information system (OIS)
DEFINITION 32 Also called office automation system (OAS); computer information system that combines various technologies to reduce the manual labor needed to operate an office efficiently and increase productivity; used at all levels of an organization. TERM 33
Pattern recognition
DEFINITION 33 Use of camera and software to identify recurring patterns and to recognize the connections between the perceived patterns and similar patterns stored in a database. TERM 34
Program files
DEFINITION 34 Files containing software instructions. TERM 35
Query by example (QBE)
DEFINITION 35 Feature of query-language programs whereby the user asks information in a database by using a sample record to define the qualifications he or she wants for selected records.
Record
Collection of related fields. An example of a record is your name and address and Social Security number. TERM 37
Relational database
DEFINITION 37 Database structure that relates, or connects, data in different files through the use of a key field, or common data element. In this arrangement there are no access paths down through a hierarchy. Instead, data elements are stored in different tables made up of rows and columns. In database terminology, the tables are called relations (files), the rows are called tuples (records), and the columns are called attributes (fields). All related tables must have a key field that uniquely identifies each row; that is, the key field must be in all tables. TERM 38
Report generator
DEFINITION 38 In a database management system, a program users can employ to produce on-screen or printed-out documents from all or part of a database. TERM 39
Robotics
DEFINITION 39 Development and study of machines that can perform work normally done by people. TERM 40
Simulator
DEFINITION 40 Device that represents the behavior of physical or abstract systems.
