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Download Biology Terms: Traditional Plant Breeding vs Plant Biotechnology, Stem Cells, and Genetics and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
traditional plant breeding
-selection and hybridization for particular genetic traits-fairly
effective over the years
TERM 2
negative aspects of traditional plant breeding
DEFINITION 2
takes timeenvironmental factors cannot always be controlled
TERM 3
plant biotechnology
DEFINITION 3
a set of techniques to adapt plants for specific needs
TERM 4
transgenic plant
DEFINITION 4
transfer genetic information from one plant to the genome of
another
TERM 5
positive aspects of plant biotechnology
DEFINITION 5
more precisewell controlled environments
agrobacterium
transfer DNA between itself and the plantcontains a small
circular piece of DNA- Ti (tumor inducing) plasmid
TERM 7
gene
gun
DEFINITION 7
injects cells with DNA bounded to heavy metal particles, eg)
gold powder
TERM 8
roundup
DEFINITION 8
a systemic, broad spectrum herbicide#1 selling herbicide
worldwide since at least 1980active ingredient: glyphosphate
TERM 9
"roundup ready" crop
DEFINITION 9
crop plants that are resistant to the roundup herbicidecurrent
roundup ready crops: canola, sugar beet, cotton (wheat and
alfalfa are under development)
TERM 10
bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
DEFINITION 10
a soil dwelling bacterium that produces a toxin to kill the
pests fed on cropsthe Bt toxin may be extracted and used as
a pesticide
stem cells
undifferntiated cells, capable of growing in to many different
kinds of cells and tissuestwo types: mature vs embryonic
stem cell
TERM 17
potency
DEFINITION 17
the potential to differentiate into different cell typesp
TERM 18
most common type of mature stem cell
DEFINITION 18
bone barrow stem cell; to treat cancer patients with
leukemia and lymphoma
TERM 19
how are the primary sources of embryonic
stem cell for research created?
DEFINITION 19
by the in vitro fertilization (IVF) process; to grow specific
tissues for transplantation (skin, heart, kidney, joint)ethical
dilemma
TERM 20
cloning
DEFINITION 20
making genetically identical copies of an individual
gene expression
converting information in a gene to a functional productthe
most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to
the phenotypethe products are mostly proteins
TERM 22
what does going from genes to proteins
require
DEFINITION 22
DNA and RNA
TERM 23
similarity and difference in the structure of
DNA and RNA
DEFINITION 23
DNA has double strands, RNA has single strandsthe sugar in
the nucleotide for DNA- deoxy-ribosethe sugar in the
nucleotide for RNA- ribosenitrogenous base in the nucleotide
for DNA- ATGCnitrogenous base in the nucleotide for RNA-
AUGCphosphate group in the nucleotide for DNA?-
Yesphosphate group in the nucleotide for RNA?- yes
TERM 24
the flow of genetic information in a cell
is
DEFINITION 24
DNA -> RNA -> proteintranscription translation
TERM 25
transcription
DEFINITION 25
the copy of DNA into messenger RNA ingene
expressionoccurs in the nucleus
acceptor arm in tRNA
bind amino acids that match the anticodons
TERM 32
the process of translation
DEFINITION 32
1. amino acids and tRNAs float freely in the cytoplasm2. enzymes
facilitate the binding of a specific tRNA to its appropriate amino
acid3. a tRNA will dock if the complementary RNA codon is present
on the ribosome4. the amino acids join together to form a
polypeptide5. the ribosomes moves on to the next codon to
recieve the next tRNA6. when the ribosome reaches the stop
codon, no tRNA can base-pair with the codon on the mRNA. RNA
and the newly synthesized protein are released
TERM 33
types of gene mutation for protein synthesis
DEFINITION 33
1. base substitution: CTA -> CCA2. insertion: CTA -> CTT
A...3. Delete: CTA CCG -> CAC GG... (last two are frame
shifts)
TERM 34
possible outcomes of mutation
DEFINITION 34
1. no change in protein AAT -> AAC 2. non functional
protein3. different protein
TERM 35
biological evolution
DEFINITION 35
the change in a population that are inherited via
geneschanged due to environmental factors are not
necessarily evolutionarypopulations evolve, not individuals
natural selection
the differential survial of individuals ina populationprocess by
which populations adapt to varying environmentsexample:
pesticide resistant lice
TERM 37
the theory of evolution
DEFINITION 37
early view: many philosophers of science had notions of
organisms changing over time
TERM 38
anaximander
DEFINITION 38
greek philosopher, suggested that humans evolved from
from fish that had moved onto land
TERM 39
lamarck
DEFINITION 39
published ideas about inheritance of acquired traits of 1809
TERM 40
darwin
DEFINITION 40
published the origin of species, developed the theory of
common descent
DNA similarities
species that share a more recent common ancestor would
share more siilar DNA sequences than species that share a
more distant ancestor
TERM 47
fossil record
DEFINITION 47
horse fossils provide a sequence of evolutionary change from
horse ancestor to modern horse
TERM 48
natural selection
DEFINITION 48
organisms better adapted to their environment tend to
survive and prooduce more offspring
TERM 49
observations of natural selection
DEFINITION 49
individuals within populations varyvariations among
individuals may be passed to offspringpopulations produce
more offspring than will survivesurvival and reproduction are
not random
TERM 50
individuals within populations
vary
DEFINITION 50
this is true of human and nonhuman populations variation
can include traits that are less visible (eg flower time,
caffeine productivity)
variations among individuals may be passed
to offspring
breeders could get exaggerated traits through selective
breedinguse only those individuals that display the traits as
parents
TERM 52
populations produce more offspring than will
survive
DEFINITION 52
a female elephant (colored pink) will bear about six calces in
about 90 years- too many to be supported by food
TERM 53
survival and reproduction are not random
DEFINITION 53
the survivors of the drought had an average bill depth 0.
mm greater than that of the predrought population
TERM 54
adaptation
DEFINITION 54
traits that increase individual survival in an environment
TERM 55
patterns of selection
DEFINITION 55
different environmental conditions can lead to different
changes in populations
mycrobacterium tuberculosis
evolved resistance to antibiotics because it fulfills the same
observations darwin madebacteria in the population
varyvariation can be passed on to offspringmore bacteria are
produced than survivebacterial survival is not random
TERM 62
what can simple antibiotic treatment result
in?
DEFINITION 62
directional selection in bacteria
TERM 63
what is a powerful tool against drug
resistance?
DEFINITION 63
combination therapy
TERM 64
taxonomy
DEFINITION 64
the science to group and categorize organisms by biological
type
TERM 65
traditional method of taxonomy
DEFINITION 65
according to shared physical characteristics
modern method of taxonomy
comparing similarities in DNA sequences
TERM 67
carl linneaus
DEFINITION 67
a swedish biologist, the father of modern taxonomy
TERM 68
binomial nomenclature
DEFINITION 68
a formal system to name a species with 2 parts in latin
grammatical forms
TERM 69
1st part of binomial nomenclature
DEFINITION 69
identify the genes
TERM 70
2nd part of binomial nomenclature
DEFINITION 70
identify the species within the genus
pre-fertilization
reproductive barriers that prevent fertilization from occuring
TERM 77
post
fertilization
DEFINITION 77
fertilization occurs, but hybrid cannot reproduce
TERM 78
spatial reproductive isolation
DEFINITION 78
species are seperated by distance
TERM 79
behavioral reproductive isolation
DEFINITION 79
differences in mating behavior may interfere with
reproduction
TERM 80
mechanical reproductive isolation
DEFINITION 80
sexual organs are incompatible
temporal reproductive isolation
difference in timing of reproduction
TERM 82
gamete incompatibility reproductive isolation
DEFINITION 82
eggs and sperms of different species are unable to fuseeg)
organisms that release gametes into the environment
TERM 83
hybrid
inviability
DEFINITION 83
zygote unable to develop because genetic instructions are
incompleteeg) sheep x goat- the embryo often dies early in
development
TERM 84
hybrid infertility
DEFINITION 84
product of interspecies cross is unable to reproduce
