Download Understanding Areal and Social Units, Rates, and Time Series Analysis in Social Research and more Quizzes Introduction to Sociology in PDF only on Docsity!
Areal units
consist of aggregate units having geographic boundaries an areacommonly used areal units are nations states countries cities and neighborhoods TERM 2
social units
DEFINITION 2 consist of aggregate units having social boundaries the basis ofinclusion is social not geographic TERM 3
rate
DEFINITION 3 reduces raw numbers to a common base, rates are based on population butmany other bases also are used to compare aggregate units. TERM 4
crude birth
rate
DEFINITION 4 is simply the number of births in a given year per 1,000population TERM 5
fertility
rate
DEFINITION 5 is the number of births to the average female during her lifetime
case oriented approach
selects two or more cases and examines them closely inorder to explain some sticking difference or differences between or among them. TERM 7
variable oriented approach
DEFINITION 7 approach- tests hypotheses by applying statistical techniquessuch as correlation and regression to variables based on an appropriate set ofaggregate cases. TERM 8
extreme
outlier
DEFINITION 8 is a case of having such deviant value on a variable that it distortscorrelations sometimes causing an apparent correlation where none exists amongthe other cases and sometimes suppressing a correlation that does exist among theother cases. TERM 9
time series analysis
DEFINITION 9 examines the relationship between two or more variablesbased on the same universe but measured at a number of points in time. Therefore,in time series analysis, points in time are the units of analysis. TERM 10
non lagged time series
DEFINITION 10 is when the independent and dependent variables aremeasured at the same point in time for any given case.
unintentional bias
includes differences in the way rates are measured. This means they may be using different definitions to talk about the same statisticex. live birth in some countries infants weighting 2.5 pounds or shorter than 12 are not considered live births TERM 17
intentional bias
DEFINITION 17 When countries intentionally define or repot data so to give more favorableimpressions.-Problem when data are used as social indicators of countries social development TERM 18
outcome
DEFINITION 18 considered the dependent variable in social researcha) must be measurable: operationally defined so as tospecify the indicators that will be used to measure the outcomesb) Should specify several intended outcomes of the intervention being evaluated TERM 19
context
DEFINITION 19 the external environment in which your program is operatingbecause there is no formal control group, individuals in the intervention program arecompared to the community averages on your specified outcomesa part of specification TERM 20
degrees of intervention
DEFINITION 20 (intervention considered the independent variable)- Specifying the differing levels or amounts of the intervention clients are exposed toallows you to make comparisons and among clients and to better demonstrate theinterventions effectivenessa part of specification
characteristics of clients
-Requires that you define your cliental-Demographic information (including legal records)-Behavioral and attitudinal information on clients-Family and background informationSpecifying your cliental allows for more appropriate comparisons w other programinterventions TERM 22
reasons experimental design is not used in
evaluation research
DEFINITION 22 1)Ethical considerations related to w/ holding an intervention from clients assignedto a control group2) Requires that you plan for evaluation research before the program intervention isintroduced- can't be done after the intervention has already been implemented TERM 23
Time series analysis
DEFINITION 23 The time series analysis involves following a single group over time to asseschangeMultiple time series analysisinvolves following more than one group over time toasses changeRemember that time series analysis does not prove that intervention is effective, however, multiple time series analysis is more compelling than time series analysisbecause you can confirm predictions among the groups TERM 24
Steps of Time series analysis
DEFINITION 24
- Establish a baseline2. introduce the intervention3. test period observations4. compare test period observations with baseline(make sure to make as many observations as possible to guard incase of seasonal or pre existing trends)
