Chapter 9
Molecular Geometries
and Bonding Theories
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By knowing the number of bonding and nonbonding electron pairs we can predict the shape of the molecule. Page 4. Two (2) Theories for. MOLECULAR GEOMETRY. 1.
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Chapter 9
Molecular Geometries
and Bonding Theories
Coverage of Chapter 9
9.1 All9.
All
All
All 9.5 Omit Hybridization Involving d Orbitals9.
All 9.7 and 9.8 Omit ALL
Two (2) Theories for
MOLECULAR
GEOMETRY
1. V
alence
S hell
E
lectron
P
air
R
epulsion
(VSEPR) (VSEPR) (VSEPR) (VSEPR)
THEORY &
2.^
The
V
alence
B
ond
(VB) THEORY
Lewis Structures
Formal Charge
Formal charge is a charge assigned to eachatom in a Lewis structure that helps todistinguish among competing structures.
Hypo chlorite ion
ClO
Number of Valence e
Number of Nonbonding e
½ Number of Bonding e
Formal Charge
| O
- Cl
-^
Where does the H go on HClO?| O^
- Cl
- H
or^
H – O
- Cl
Valence e
Nonbondinge
- ½ Bonding e
O^
Cl^
O^
Cl
-^
-^
-^
-^
-^
-^
-^
-^
The First
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
theory
( VSEPR
)
V alence
S hell
E
lectron
P air
R epulsion theory
VSEPRVSEPR
TheoryTheory
1.^
To predict molecular shape, assume thevalence electrons repel each other
2.^
The electrons adopt an arrangement inspace to minimize e
-^ e -^ repulsion
3.^
The molecule adopts whichever 3Dgeometry minimized this repulsion.
What Determines the Shape of a Molecule?^ Electrons, whether they be bonding or non-
bonding, repel each other. So electrons areplaced as far as possible from each other
Two (2) Different “Types” of
Molecules
1.^
Molecules with NO nonBonding electronson the central atom
2.^
Molecules with nonBonding electrons onthe central atom
Electron Domains
&
NonBonding Electrons^ Example 2
H^2
O
.. H – O
– H
How many electron domains on OHow many NonBonding electrons on O
There are five fundamental geometries :
- Linear2. Trigonal Planar3. Tetrahedral4. Trigonal bepyramidal5. Octahedral
Molecular Geometries for molecules withno nonbonding electrons on central atom