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matter
In the classical physics observed in everyday life, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. TERM 2
proton
DEFINITION 2 A proton is a subatomic particle, symbol p or p+, with a positive electric charge of +1e elementary charge and mass slightly less than that of a neutron. TERM 3
isotope
DEFINITION 3 Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number. All isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons in each atom. TERM 4
element
DEFINITION 4 Elemen often refers to the elements of chemistry, each a pure substance of one type of atom, which together make up all the matter in the universe. TERM 5
essential elements
DEFINITION 5 Classical elements typically refer to the concepts in ancient Greece of earth, water, air, fire, and aether, which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in terms of simpler substances.
netron
Netronome' is a privately held fabless semiconductor company specializing in the design of network flow processors used for intelligent flow processing in network and communications devices, such as switches, routers and cyber security applications. TERM 7
atomic mass unit (amu)
DEFINITION 7 The unified atomic mass unit or dalton is a standard unit of mass that quantifies mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass). TERM 8
radioactive isotope
DEFINITION 8 A radionuclide is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. TERM 9
chemical symbol
DEFINITION 9 In relation to the chemical elements, a symbol is a code for a chemical element. Many functional groups has their own chemical symbol, e.g. TERM 10
trace elements
DEFINITION 10 A trace element is a chemical element whose concentration is very low (a "trace amount").
atomic nucleus
The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger- Marsden gold foil experiment. TERM 17
mass
number
DEFINITION 17 The mass number, also called atomic mass number or nucleon number, is the total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. TERM 18
energy
DEFINITION 18 In physics, energy is the property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object. TERM 19
potential energy
DEFINITION 19 In physics, Potential Energy is the energy possessed by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors. TERM 20
electron shells
DEFINITION 20 In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus.
valence shell
In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus. TERM 22
valence electrons
DEFINITION 22 In chemistry, a valence electron is an electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair. TERM 23
noble
gases
DEFINITION 23 The noble gases make up a group of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. TERM 24
Bohr model
DEFINITION 24 In atomic physics, the Rutherford-Bohr model or Bohr model or Bohr diagram, introduced by Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford in 1913, depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus-similar to structure of the Solar System, but with attraction provided by electrostatic forces rather than gravity. TERM 25
chemical bonds
DEFINITION 25 A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds.
Lewis dot structure
Lewis structures are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. TERM 32
structural formula
DEFINITION 32 The structural formula of a chemical compound is a graphic representation of the molecular structure, showing how the atoms are arranged. TERM 33
molecular formula
DEFINITION 33 A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, using a single line of chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas and plus and minus () signs. TERM 34
double covalent bond
DEFINITION 34 A double bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. TERM 35
triple covalent bond
DEFINITION 35 A triple bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons instead of the usual two in a covalent single bond.
nonpolar covalent bond
In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment. TERM 37
polar covalent bond
DEFINITION 37 In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment. TERM 38
8- and 8+
DEFINITION 38 8 Andromedae (abbreviated 8 And) is a red giant star in the constellation Andromeda. 8 Andromedae is the Flamsteed designation. TERM 39
electronegative
DEFINITION 39 Electronegativity, symbol , is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself. TERM 40
icon
DEFINITION 40 An icon is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, from the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, and certain Eastern Catholic churches.
surface tension
Surface tension is the elastic tendency of a fluid surface which makes it acquire the least surface area possible. TERM 47
adhesion
DEFINITION 47 Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another. TERM 48
capillary action
DEFINITION 48 Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity. TERM 49
kinetic energy
DEFINITION 49 In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity. TERM 50
heat
DEFINITION 50 Heat is the amount of energy flowing from one body of matter to another spontaneously due to their temperature difference, or by any means other than through work or the transfer of matter.
temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses the subjective perceptions of hot and cold. Temperature is measured with a thermometer, historically calibrated in various temperature scales and units of measurement. TERM 52
calorie
DEFINITION 52 Calories are units of energy. Various definitions exist but fall into two broad categories. The first, the small calorie, or gram calorie, is defined as the approximate amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere. TERM 53
joule
DEFINITION 53 The joule; symbol: J), is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy transferred to (or work done on) an object when a force of one newton acts on that object in the direction of its motion through a distance of one metre (1 newton metre or Nm). TERM 54
specific heat
DEFINITION 54 Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a measurable physical quantity equal to the ratio of the heat added to an object to the resulting temperature change. TERM 55
heat of vaporization
DEFINITION 55 The enthalpy of vaporization, also known as the (latent) heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the amount of energy (enthalpy) that must be added to the liquid substance, to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas.
hydration shell
A solvation shell is the solvent interface of any chemical compound or biomolecule that constitutes the solute. TERM 62
hydrophilic
DEFINITION 62 A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water. TERM 63
hydropobic
DEFINITION 63 In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water. TERM 64
nonpolar molecule
DEFINITION 64 In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment. TERM 65
molarity
DEFINITION 65 Molar concentration, also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration, is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution, or of any chemical species, in terms of amount of substance in a given volume.
Avogadro's
number
In chemistry and physics, the Avogadro constant is the number of constituent particles, usually atoms or molecules, that are contained in the amount of substance given by one mole. TERM 67
molecular mass
DEFINITION 67 Molecular mass or molecular weight is the mass of a molecule. It is calculated as the sum of the atomic weights of each constituent element multiplied by the number of atoms of that element in the molecular formula. TERM 68
acid
DEFINITION 68 An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron, or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid). TERM 69
pH
DEFINITION 69 In chemistry, pH (potential of hydrogen) is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. TERM 70
pH scale
DEFINITION 70 In chemistry, pH (potential of hydrogen) is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
