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Chemical bonding- ionic bonding, college study notes - The nature of the ionic bond, Study notes of Analytical Chemistry

Saybrook UniversityAnalytical Chemistry

College Notes. You will remember that when atoms bond, electrons are either shared or they are transferred between the atoms that are bonding. In covalent bonding, electrons are shared between the atoms. There is another type of bonding, where electrons are transferred from one atom to another. This is called ionic bonding. Chemical Bonding: Ionic bonding, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/m38684/1.2/, Sep 29, 2011. Chemical, Bonding, Ionic,Electrostatic, Forces, Metal

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Connexions module: m38684 1
Chemical Bonding: Ionic bonding
∗
Free High School Science Texts Project
This work is produced by The Connexions Project and licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution License
†
1 Ionic Bonding
1.1 The nature of the ionic bond
You will remember that when atoms bond, electrons are either
shared
or they are
transferred
between the
atoms that are bonding. In covalent bonding, electrons are shared between the atoms. There is another type
of bonding, where electrons are
transferred
from one atom to another. This is called
ionic bonding
.
Ionic bonding takes place when the dierence in electronegativity between the two atoms is more than
1,7. This usually happens when a metal atom bonds with a non-metal atom. When the dierence in
electronegativity is large, one atom will attract the shared electron pair much more strongly than the other,
causing electrons to be transferred from one atom to the other.
Denition 1: Ionic bond
An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond based on the electrostatic forces between two oppositely-
charged ions. When ionic bonds form, a metal donates one or more electrons, due to having a low
electronegativity, to form a positive ion or cation. The non-metal atom has a high electronegativity,
and therefore readily gains electrons to form a negative ion or anion. The two ions are then attracted
to each other by electrostatic forces.
Example 1:
In the case of
NaCl
, the dierence in electronegativity is 2,1. Sodium has only one valence electron, while
chlorine has seven. Because the electronegativity of chlorine is higher than the electronegativity of sodium,
chlorine will attract the valence electron of the sodium atom very strongly. This electron from sodium is
transferred to chlorine. Sodium loses an electron and forms an
Na+
ion. Chlorine gains an electron and
forms an
Cl−
ion. The attractive force between the positive and negative ion holds the molecule together.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Na +Cl →N aC l
(1)
This can be represented using Lewis notation:
∗
Version 1.2: Sep 29, 2011 7:34 am GMT-5
†
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
http://cnx.org/content/m38684/1.2/
pf3

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Chemical Bonding: Ionic bonding

Free High School Science Texts Project

This work is produced by The Connexions Project and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License †

1 Ionic Bonding

1.1 The nature of the ionic bond

You will remember that when atoms bond, electrons are either shared or they are transferred between the atoms that are bonding. In covalent bonding, electrons are shared between the atoms. There is another type of bonding, where electrons are transferred from one atom to another. This is called ionic bonding. Ionic bonding takes place when the dierence in electronegativity between the two atoms is more than 1,7. This usually happens when a metal atom bonds with a non-metal atom. When the dierence in electronegativity is large, one atom will attract the shared electron pair much more strongly than the other, causing electrons to be transferred from one atom to the other.

Denition 1: Ionic bond An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond based on the electrostatic forces between two oppositely- charged ions. When ionic bonds form, a metal donates one or more electrons, due to having a low electronegativity, to form a positive ion or cation. The non-metal atom has a high electronegativity, and therefore readily gains electrons to form a negative ion or anion. The two ions are then attracted to each other by electrostatic forces. Example 1: In the case of N aCl, the dierence in electronegativity is 2,1. Sodium has only one valence electron, while chlorine has seven. Because the electronegativity of chlorine is higher than the electronegativity of sodium, chlorine will attract the valence electron of the sodium atom very strongly. This electron from sodium is transferred to chlorine. Sodium loses an electron and forms an N a+^ ion. Chlorine gains an electron and forms an Cl−^ ion. The attractive force between the positive and negative ion holds the molecule together. The balanced equation for the reaction is:

N a + Cl → N aCl (1) This can be represented using Lewis notation: ∗Version 1.2: Sep 29, 2011 7:34 am GMT- †http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Figure 1: Ionic bonding in sodium chloride

Example 2: Another example of ionic bonding takes place between magnesium (M g) and oxygen (O) to form magne- sium oxide (M gO). Magnesium has two valence electrons and an electronegativity of 1,2, while oxygen has six valence electrons and an electronegativity of 3,5. Since oxygen has a higher electronegativity, it attracts the two valence electrons from the magnesium atom and these electrons are transferred from the magnesium atom to the oxygen atom. Magnesium loses two electrons to form M g2+, and oxygen gains two electrons to form O^2 −. The attractive force between the oppositely charged ions is what holds the molecule together. The balanced equation for the reaction is:

2 M g + O 2 → 2 M gO (2) Because oxygen is a diatomic molecule, two magnesium atoms will be needed to combine with one oxygen molecule (which has two oxygen atoms) to produce two molecules of magnesium oxide (M gO).

Figure 2: Ionic bonding in magnesium oxide

tip: Notice that the number of electrons that is either lost or gained by an atom during ionic bonding, is the same as the valency of that element

1.1.1 Ionic compounds

  1. Explain the dierence between a covalent and an ionic bond. Click here for the solution^1
  2. Magnesium and chlorine react to form magnesium chloride. a. What is the dierence in electronegativity between these two elements? b. Give the chemical formula for: i. a magnesium ion ii. a chloride ion iii. the ionic compound that is produced during this reaction c. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that takes place. Click here for the solution^2 (^1) http://www.fhsst.org/lOq (^2) See the le at http://cnx.org/content/m38684/latest/http://www.fhsst.org/lOl