Download Chemistry 103 Exam 3 with precise detailed answers and more Exams Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity!
Chemistry |! 103 |! Exam |! 3 |! with |! precise |!
detailed |! answers
Which |! orbital |! is |! the |! electron |! in? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔l |! (L) |! value which |! orientation |! is |! the |! electron |! in? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔m |! sub |! L |! value n |! value |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔use |! periodic |! table |! (period |! #) L |! value |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔what |! orbital |! its |! in |! (s, |! p, |! d, |! f) m |! sub |! L |! value |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔what |! orientation |! of |! the |! orbital |! is |! it |! in?--- every |! electron |! in |! the |! atom |! has |! unique |! values |! for |! n, |! l, |! ml Electron |! configurations |! show... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔which |! orbitals |! are |! in |! an |! atom |! and |! how |! the |! electrons |! fill |! the |! orbitals Electron |! configurations |! focus |! on... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ground |! state |! configuration |! (lowest |! energy |! state)-no |! electrons |! are |! jumping |! to |! new |! energy |! levels ie... |! Hydrogen-1 |! electron...n=1, |! l=0, |! ml=
how |! many |! possible |! electrons |! can |! fit |! into |! the |! s |! orbital? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔two |! electrons |! go |! into |! the |! s |! orbital how |! many |! possible |! electrons |! can |! fit |! into |! the |! p |! orbital? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔six |! electrons |! go |! into |! the |! p |! orbital how |! many |! possible |! electrons |! can |! fit |! into |! the |! d |! orbital? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ten |! electrons |! go |! into |! the |! d |! orbital how |! many |! possible |! electrons |! can |! fit |! into |! the |! f |! orbital? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔fourteen |! electrons |! go |! into |! the |! f |! orbital period |! number |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! number |! on |! the |! left |! of |! the |! periodic |! table=n |! (principle |! energy |! level)--for |! S |! and |! P |! block for |! d |! block...(n-1) for |! f |! block... |! (n-2) Aufbau |! Principle |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔defines |! pattern |! of |! orbital |! filling: |! fill |! from |! lowest |! to |! highest |! energy |! levels...(n-1)d |! comes |! after |! (n)s |! because |! energy |! levels |! get |! closer |! as |! n |! increases.
ie...Fe: |! (Ar) |! 4s2 |! 3d6---Fe2+: |! (Ar) |! 4s0 |! 3d |! 6 Valence |! electrons |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔electrons |! that |! are |! important |! in |! chem. |! bonding... |! helps |! determine |! the |! properties |! of |! an |! atom -total |! number |! of |! valence |! electrons |! is |! show |! n |! at |! the |! top |! of |! each |! column |! in |! the |! per. |! table How |! to |! determine |! which |! electrons |! are |! valence |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔main |! group: |! electrons |! in |! outermost |! (highest |! value |! of |! n) |! energy |! level |! are |! valence: |! ie... |! Si: |! 1s2 |! 2s2 |! 2p6 |! 3s2 |! 3p -3s2 |! and |! 3p2 |! are |! valence transition |! metals/elements+ |! lanth |! and |! act: |! electrons |! in |! outermost |! energy |! level+outermost |! d |! or |! f |! electrons ie...Co |! 1s2 |! 2s2 |! 2p6 |! 3s2 |! 3p6 |! 4s2 |! 3d Valence: |! 4s2 |! and |! 3d Core |! electrons |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔non |! valence-non |! reactive electrons |! in |! complete |! or |! filled |! energy |! levels
ie... |! Si: |! (1s2 |! 2s2 |! 2p6) |! 3s2 |! 3p core |! electrons |! are |! in |! brackets |! and |! valence |! are |! not |! in |! brackets M |! sub |! S |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔electron |! spin |! quantum |! number: |! +1/2: |! arrow |! is |! up, |! -1/2: |! arrow |! is |! down orbital |! diagrams |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔show |! a |! pictoral |! view |! of |! how |! electrons |! fill |! up |! orbitals |! based |! on |! configuration valence |! orbital |! diagrams: |! use |! condensed |! configurations |! and |! noble |! gas |! symbols |! to |! show |! which |! boxes |! are |! filled. Pauli |! Exclusion |! Principle |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔no |! two |! electrons |! in |! an |! atom |! can |! have |! the |! same |! four |! quantum |! numbers |! (n,l,ml,ms) -each |! orbital |! can |! have |! a |! maximum |! of |! only |! two |! electrons |! with |! opposite |! spins. -the |! number |! of |! electrons |! in |! a |! sublevel |! is |! twice |! the |! number |! of |! orbitals ie.. |! S: |! 21 |! orbital: |! 2 |! electrons P: |! 23 |! electrons: |! 6 |! electrons
Effective |! nuclear |! charge |! (Zeff) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔core |! electrons |! shield |! the |! nucleus |! so |! the |! charge |! felt |! by |! the |! valence |! electrons |! is |! decreased |! (cancels |! some |! of |! the |! positive |! charge |! from |! the |! nucleus) -Zeff=Z-S Z= |! number |! of |! protons S=number |! of |! electrons |! shielding |! the |! nucleus-(Core |! electrons) ie.. |! S: |! 16-10=6 |! -important |! in |! periodic |! trends: |! Zeff |! increases |! from |! left |! to |! right |! across |! the |! periodic |! table |! and |! effects |! the |! properties |! of |! element--increased |! Zeff |! is |! more |! pull |! from |! the |! nucleus--easier |! to |! pull |! all |! together Atomic |! Radii |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔atomic |! radius |! decreases |! across |! a |! period |! (higher |! toward |! left |! and |! bottom |! of |! periodic |! table) -add |! electrons |! to |! the |! same |! valence |! shell -increasing |! attraction |! between |! nucleus |! and |! the |! electrons |! (higher |! Zeff)=more |! pull |! from |! the |! nucleus--atoms |! have |! smaller |! radii/size -transition |! metals: |! increase |! down |! groups, |! but |! approximately |! unchanged |! across |! the |! d-block |! (similar |! Zeff |! values) Ionic |! Radii |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔similar |! to |! atomic, |! but |! charge |! must |! be |! considered
-cation: |! fewer |! electrons |! than |! protons, |! smaller |! than |! parent |! atom -anion: |! more |! electrons |! than |! protons, |! size |! larger |! than |! parent; |! more |! electrons |! repelling |! each |! other |! from |! the |! nucleus -increases |! down |! a |! group |! (higher |! valence |! shell) isoelectronic |! series |! of |! ions: |! same |! number |! of |! electrons: |! look |! at |! number |! of |! protons, |! whichever |! has |! more |! is |! smaller Magnetic |! properties |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔dependent |! on |! how |! electrons |! are |! filled |! or |! removed |! from |! orbitals -unpaired |! electrons: |! generate |! a |! magnetic |! field |! due |! to |! spin |! (+/- |! 1/2) -atom/ion |! with |! unpaired |! electrons |! is |! attracted |! to |! an |! external |! magnetic |! field |! (paramagnetic) -determined |! from |! electron |! configuration ie.. |! Silver |! has |! one |! unpaired |! electron, |! so |! it |! is |! paramagnetic -Atom |! or |! ion |! with |! all |! paired |! electrons |! is |! not |! attracted |! to |! an |! external |! magnetic |! field--DIAMAGNETIC ie.. |! Zn |! and |! Zn |! 2+
-electrons |! beyond |! noble |! gas |! config. |! are |! very |! tough |! to |! remove ie.. |! Na 1 |! IE: |! Na--Na+ |! and |! e- 2 |! IE: |! Na+--Na2+ |! + |! e- 3 |! IE: |! Na2+--Na3= |! and |! e- Electron |! affinity |! (opposite |! of |! ionization |! energy)--likes |! electrons |! (EA) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔energy |! change |! associated |! with |! a |! neutral |! atom |! gaining |! an |! electron |! in |! gas |! state -ie. |! Fl Fl |! (gas) |! + |! electron--F- |! (gas) -accompanied |! by |! energy |! release--delta |! E |! is |! negative |! due |! to |! the |! attraction |! between |! the |! nucleus |! and |! incoming |! electron -generally |! increases |! across |! a |! period |! -most |! negative |! on |! the |! right |! side--halogens |! have |! the |! highest |! electron |! affinity |! since |! they |! would |! achieve |! noble |! has |! configuration
-lowest |! EA |! are |! the |! alkaline |! earth |! and |! noble |! gases |! (ask |! Dr. |! T |! why) Metallic |! character |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔more |! reactive |! for |! losing |! electrons |! (how |! reactive |! are |! metals) -metals |! tend |! to |! lose |! electrons |! in |! reactions -moving |! right, |! metallic |! character |! (reactivity |! decreases) |! as |! you |! move |! toward |! the |! nonmetals -move |! down |! a |! column, |! non-MC |! increases--ionization |! energy |! increases, |! so |! does |! metallic |! character (all |! the |! trends |! on |! page |! 139) Bonding |! and |! Lewis |! Theory |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Bonding |! theories |! explain |! how |! atoms |! bond |! to |! form |! culs -predict |! combos |! of |! atoms |! are |! stable -predict |! shape |! of |! cul--chem |! and |! phys. |! properties Lewis |! Model: |! all |! about |! valence |! electrons |! (represented |! by |! dots) -uses |! valence |! to |! explain |! why |! bonds |! form
Lewis |! Symbols |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔element |! symbol |! represents |! nucleus |! and |! inner |! core |! electrons -dots |! represent |! the |! valence |! electrons |! and |! surround |! the |! element |! symbol Rules: |! pair |! up |! first |! two |! dots |! (s |! orbital) -put |! one |! electron |! on |! each |! side |! (p |! orbit) -make |! sure |! to |! have |! enough |! valence |! electrons (BASIC) Lewis |! theory |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔chemical |! bond |! is |! the |! sharing |! or |! transfer |! of |! electrons |! to |! attain |! stable |! electron |! configuration |! (match |! nearest |! noble |! gas) ionic |! bond: |! electrons |! transferred covalent |! bond: |! electrons |! are |! shared octet |! rule: |! stable |! configurations |! have |! eight |! electrons |! in |! the |! outermost |! shell EXCEPTION: |! H |! and |! He--duet |! (2 |! electrons |! max) Lewis |! symbols |! for |! ionic |! compounds |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔cation |! loses |! electrons |! and |! is |! written |! without |! dots |! b/c |! it |! gives |! up |! its |! valence |! electrons anion: |! gains |! electrons |! and |! is |! written |! a |! full |! octet |! and |! put |! in |! brackets |! with |! its |! charge
Prediction |! of |! ionic |! formulas-lewis |! symbols |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔electrons |! transfer |! until |! the |! metal/cation |! has |! lost |! all |! of |! its |! valence |! electrons-nonmetal |! has |! filled |! the |! octet -adjust |! the |! number |! of |! atoms |! so |! that |! there |! are |! enough |! electrons |! to |! give |! the |! nonmetal |! an |! octet ie.. |! Na2S there |! has |! to |! be |! two |! sodium |! atoms, |! each |! of |! which |! gives |! its |! valence |! electron |! to |! sulfur |! for |! it |! to |! gain |! a |! total |! of |! two |! electrons |! and |! fulfill |! the |! octet |! rule ie... |! CaCl two |! chlorines |! to |! take |! up |! the |! two |! valence |! electrons |! that |! calcium |! has |! to |! offer Lewis |! symbols |! for |! covalent |! bonds |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔in |! lewis |! theory, |! covalent |! bonding |! is |! depicted |! as |! neighbor |! atoms |! sharing |! valence |! electrons |! to |! complete |! octet |! or |! duet -bonding |! pair: |! shared |! electrons |! (dash) -lone |! pair: |! non |! bonding, |! not |! involved |! (dot)
-accounts |! for.. |! covalent |! bonds |! (highly |! directional, |! elect |! are |! shared) -ionic |! bonds |! have |! arrays |! of |! atoms |! held |! together |! (non |! directional) electrons |! are |! equally |! held |! between |! atoms-more |! stable-directional -covalent |! bonding |! between |! the |! same |! two |! atoms--equal/perfect |! bonding |! of |! electrons -covalent |! bonding |! between |! unlike |! atoms: |! unequal |! sharing |! of |! electrons |! because |! one |! atom |! pulls |! the |! electrons |! closer |! to |! itself: |! larger |! electron |! density |! on |! one |! atom |! (bond |! polarity) Polar: |! electron |! more |! on |! one |! side |! than |! another |! because |! of |! electronegativity Polarity |! and |! electronegativity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔polar |! covalent |! bonds |! happen |! when |! two |! atoms |! with |! different |! electronegativity |! bond.. -atom |! with |! higher |! elctronegativity |! (more |! electron |! density) |! is |! going |! to |! be |! slightly |! negative -atom |! that |! has |! lower |! electronegativity |! is |! more |! positive
Electronegativity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! ability |! of |! an |! atom |! to |! attract |! electrons |! in |! a |! chemical |! bond -increases |! across |! a |! period |! to |! the |! right -decreases |! across |! a |! family Fluorine |! is |! most |! electronegative, |! Cs |! is |! least -larger |! differences |! in |! electronegativity--more |! polar |! the |! bond |! is |! ( |! lowercase |! delta |! negative |! on |! more |! electronegative |! atom) Mnemonic |! for |! electronegativity: |! F |! O |! N |! Cl |! Br |! I |! S |! C |! H Bond |! dipole |! moment |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔quantitative |! description |! of |! bond |! polarity |! (unit |! is |! Mew): |! a |! measure |! of |! bond |! polarity -higher |! the |! dipole |! moment, |! more |! polar |! the |! bond Mew=qr q=particle |! charge r=distance |! between |! charges
Writing |! lewis |! structures |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1) |! write |! skeletal |! structure -H |! is |! always |! terminal |! (at |! end) |! and |! forms |! only |! 1 |! bond -more |! electronegative |! atoms |! in |! terminal |! positions -least |! electronegative |! atom |! is |! the |! central |! atom
- |! calculate |! number |! of |! valence |! electrons |! for |! each |! atom |! in |! the |! formula |! and |! add |! charges |! if |! necessary
- |! add |! your |! bonds |! and |! dots |! to |! get |! the |! total |! valence |! electrons |! you |! counted
- |! complete |! octets |! or |! duets |! and |! count
- |! if |! complete |! octets, |! extra |! electrons |! go |! on |! the |! central |! atom...elements |! in |! n=3 |! or |! lower |! can |! have |! expanded |! octets
- |! if |! central |! atom |! has |! no |! octet, |! bring |! in |! outer |! electrons |! to |! share
- |! assign |! formal |! charges |! to |! verify |! structure Resonance |! structures |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔when |! more |! than |! one |! lewis |! structure |! exists |! for |! a |! molecule |! that |! differs |! in |! positions |! of |! electrons, |! need |! resonance
Resonance |! hybrid: |! actual |! structure |! is |! somewhere |! in |! between Bond |! order: |! number |! of |! bonds/number |! of |! locations: |! intermediate |! between |! single |! and |! double |! bonds -must |! have |! identical |! connectivity-only |! move |! positions |! of |! electrons -Resonance |! stabilization: |! electrons |! are |! spread |! out |! (delocalized) |! and |! energy |! is |! lowered, |! structure |! is |! more |! stable ie.. |! NO3- Three |! different |! permutations |! of |! a |! double |! bond Exceptions |! to |! octet |! rule |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Odd |! electron |! species: |! one |! unpaired |! electron |! (free |! radical) incomplete |! octets: |! Boron--only |! makes |! three |! bonds expanded |! octets: |! elements |! in |! third |! row |! and |! beyond |! can |! have |! more |! than |! 8 |! electrons--up |! to |! 12 |! or |! 14 |! electrons- |! use |! d |! orbital |! to |! hold |! extras -never |! for |! n=1 |! or |! n=2 |! elements
