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CHM |! 151 |! FINAL |! EXAM |! (RIO |!
SOLADO |! M.SCHAAB) |! NEWEST |!
EXAM |! WITH |! PRECISE |! DETAILED |!
SOLUTIONS
wave |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔oscillation |! that |! can |! transport |! energy |! from |! one |! point |! to |! another |! in |! space wavelength |! (λ) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔distance |! between |! two |! consecutive |! peaks |! or |! troughs |! in |! a |! wave the |! speed |! of |! light |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔waves |! can |! travel |! through |! a |! vacuum |! at |! a |! constant |! speed |! of |! 2.998 |! ×× |! 10^8 |! m/s, |! (denoted |! by |! c).
amplitude |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔extent |! of |! the |! displacement |! caused |! by |! a |! wave |! (for |! sinusoidal |! waves, |! it |! is |! one-half |! the |! difference |! from |! the |! peak |! height |! to |! the |! trough |! depth, |! and |! the |! intensity |! is |! proportional |! to |! the |! square) blackbody |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Idealized |! perfect |! absorber |! of |! all |! incident |! electromagnetic |! radiation; |! such |! bodies |! emit |! electromagnetic |! radiation |! in |! characteristic |! continuous |! spectra continuous |! spectrum |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔electromagnetic |! radiation |! given |! off |! in |! an |! unbroken |! series |! of |! wavelengths |! (e.g., |! white |! light |! from |! the |! sun) electromagnetic |! radiation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔energy |! transmitted |! by |! waves |! that |! have |! an |! electric-field |! component |! and |! a |! magnetic-field |! component
hertz |! (Hz) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! unit |! of |! frequency, |! which |! is |! the |! number |! of |! cycles |! per |! second, |! s− 1 intensity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔property |! of |! wave-propagated |! energy |! related |! to |! the |! amplitude |! of |! the |! wave, |! such |! as |! brightness |! of |! light |! or |! loudness |! of |! sound interference |! pattern |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔pattern |! typically |! consisting |! of |! alternating |! bright |! and |! dark |! fringes; |! it |! results |! from |! constructive |! and |! destructive |! interference |! of |! waves
line |! spectrum |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔electromagnetic |! radiation |! emitted |! at |! discrete |! wavelengths |! by |! a |! specific |! atom |! (or |! atoms) |! in |! an |! excited |! state node |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔any |! point |! of |! a |! standing |! wave |! with |! zero |! amplitude photon |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔smallest |! possible |! packet |! of |! electromagnetic |! radiation, |! a |! particle |! of |! light quantization |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔occurring |! only |! in |! specific |! discrete |! values, |! not |! continuous standing |! wave |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔localized |! wave |! phenomenon |! characterized |! by |! discrete |! wavelengths |! determined |! by |! the |! boundary |! conditions |! used |! to |! generate |! the |! waves; |! standing |! waves |! are |! inherently |! quantized wave |! particle |! duality |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔elementary |! particles |! including |! matter |! exhibit |! properties |! of |! both |! particles |! (including |! localized |! position, |! momentum) |! and |! waves |! (including |! nonlocalization, |! wavelength, |! frequency)
3.00 |! x |! 10^8 |! m/s |! = |! 6.145 |! x |! 10^-7m/s |! (h) 3.00 |! x |! 10^8 |! m/s |! / |! 6.145 |! x |! 10^-7 |! = |! 4.9 |! x |! 10^14 |! s |! - Planks |! constant |! (6.63 |! x |! 10^-34)x |! (4.9 |! x |! 10^14) |! = |! 3.24 |! x |! 10^-19 |! Joules |! or |! 2.018 |! eV Bohr's |! model |! of |! the |! hydrogen |! atom |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔structural |! model |! in |! which |! an |! electron |! moves |! around |! the |! nucleus |! only |! in |! circular |! orbits, |! each |! with |! a |! specific |! allowed |! radius; |! the |! orbiting |! electron |! does |! not |! normally |! emit |! electromagnetic |! radiation, |! but |! does |! so |! when |! changing |! from |! one |! orbit |! to |! another. excited |! state |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔state |! having |! an |! energy |! greater |! than |! the |! ground-state |! energy ground |! state |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔state |! in |! which |! the |! electrons |! in |! an |! atom, |! ion, |! or |! molecule |! have |! the |! lowest |! energy |! possible
quantum |! number |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔integer |! number |! having |! only |! specific |! allowed |! values |! and |! used |! to |! characterize |! the |! arrangement |! of |! electrons |! in |! an |! atom True |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔An |! electron's |! energy |! increases |! with |! increasing |! distance |! from |! the |! nucleus. photon |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔When |! an |! electron |! moves |! from |! a |! higher-energy |! orbit |! to |! a |! more |! stable |! one, |! energy |! is |! emitted |! in |! the |! form |! of |! a |! ________________. What |! does |! it |! mean |! to |! say |! that |! the |! energy |! of |! the |! electrons |! in |! an |! atom |! is |! quantized? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Quantized |! energy |! means |! that |! the |! electrons |! can |! possess |! only |! certain |! discrete |! energy |! values; |! values |! between |! those |! quantized |! values |! are |! not |! permitted. angular |! momentum |! quantum |! number |! (I) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔distinguishing |! the |! different |! shapes |! of |! orbitals; |! it |! is |! also |! a |! measure |! of |! the |! orbital |! angular |! momentum
electron |! density |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! measure |! of |! the |! probability |! of |! locating |! an |! electron |! in |! a |! particular |! region |! of |! space, |! it |! is |! equal |! to |! the |! squared |! absolute |! value |! of |! the |! wave |! function |! ψ f |! orbital |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔multilobed |! region |! of |! space |! with |! high |! electron |! density, |! describes |! orbitals |! with |! l |! = |! 3. |! An |! electron |! in |! this |! orbital |! is |! called |! an |! f |! electron
Heisenberg |! uncertainty |! principle |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔rule |! stating |! that |! it |! is |! impossible |! to |! exactly |! determine |! both |! certain |! conjugate |! dynamical |! properties |! such |! as |! the |! momentum |! and |! the |! position |! of |! a |! particle |! at |! the |! same |! time. |! The |! uncertainty |! principle |! is |! a |! consequence |! of |! quantum |! particles |! exhibiting |! wave- particle |! duality magnetic |! quantum |! number |! (m |! sub |! l) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔quantum |! number |! signifying |! the |! orientation |! of |! an |! atomic |! orbital |! around |! the |! nucleus; |! orbitals |! having |! different |! values |! of |! ml |! but |! the |! same |! subshell |! value |! of |! l |! have |! the |! same |! energy |! (are |! degenerate), |! but |! this |! degeneracy |! can |! be |! removed |! by |! application |! of |! an |! external |! magnetic |! field p |! orbital |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔dumbbell-shaped |! region |! of |! space |! with |! high |! electron |! density, |! describes |! orbitals |! with |! l |! = |! 1. |! An |! electron |! in |! this |! orbital |! is |! called |! a |! p |! electron
shell |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔set |! of |! orbitals |! with |! the |! same |! principal |! quantum |! number, |! n spin |! quantum |! number |! (m |! sub |! s) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔either |! +1/2 |! or |! -1/2, |! indicating |! the |! spin |! orientation |! of |! an |! electron subshell |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔set |! of |! orbitals |! in |! an |! atom |! with |! the |! same |! values |! of |! n |! and |! l
wavefunction |! (ψ) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔mathematical |! description |! of |! an |! atomic |! orbital |! that |! describes |! the |! shape |! of |! the |! orbital; |! it |! can |! be |! used |! to |! calculate |! the |! probability |! of |! finding |! the |! electron |! at |! any |! given |! location |! in |! the |! orbital, |! as |! well |! as |! dynamical |! variables |! such |! as |! the |! energy |! and |! the |! angular |! momentum s |! orbital |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔spherically |! shaped, |! only |! one |! type p |! orbital |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔dumb-bell |! shaped, |! three |! types d |! orbital |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔complex |! shapes, |! five |! types f |! orbital |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔very |! complex |! shapes, |! seven |! types Aufbau |! Principle |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔procedure |! in |! which |! the |! electron |! configuration |! of |! the |! elements |! is |! determined |! by |! "building" |! them |! in |! order |! of |! atomic |! numbers, |! adding |! one |! proton |! to |! the |! nucleus |! and |! one |! electron |! to |! the |! proper |! subshell |! at |! a |! time core |! electron |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔electron |! in |! an |! atom |! that |! occupies |! the |! orbitals |! of |! the |! inner |! shells
valence |! shell |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔outermost |! shell |! of |! electrons |! in |! a |! ground-state |! atom; |! for |! main |! group |! elements, |! the |! orbitals |! with |! the |! highest |! n |! level |! (s |! and |! p |! subshells) |! are |! in |! the |! valence |! shell, |! while |! for |! transition |! metals, |! the |! highest |! energy |! s |! and |! d |! subshells |! make |! up |! the |! valence |! shell |! and |! for |! inner |! transition |! elements, |! the |! highest |! s, |! d, |! and |! f |! subshells |! are |! included covalent |! radius |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔one-half |! the |! distance |! between |! the |! nuclei |! of |! two |! identical |! atoms |! when |! they |! are |! joined |! by |! a |! covalent |! bond effective |! nuclear |! charge |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔charge |! that |! leads |! to |! the |! Coulomb |! force |! exerted |! by |! the |! nucleus |! on |! an |! electron, |! calculated |! as |! the |! nuclear |! charge |! minus |! shielding
electron |! affinity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔energy |! required |! to |! add |! an |! electron |! to |! a |! gaseous |! atom |! to |! form |! an |! anion ionization |! energy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔energy |! required |! to |! remove |! an |! electron |! from |! a |! gaseous |! atom |! or |! ion. |! The |! associated |! number |! corresponds |! to |! the |! charge |! of |! the |! ion |! produced |! (X2+) isoelectronic |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔group |! of |! ions |! or |! atoms |! that |! have |! identical |! electron |! configurations
Using |! full |! electron |! configuration, |! predict |! the |! electron |! configuration |! of |! S-2. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1s2, |! 2s2, |! 2p6, |! 3s2, |! 3p atomic |! radius |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ List |! the |! following |! ions |! in |! order |! of |! increasing |! radius: |! Li+, |! Mg2+, |! Br-, |! and |! Te2-. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Mg2+ |! < |! Li+ |! < |! Br- |! < |! Te2- innert |! pair |! effect |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tendency |! of |! heavy |! atoms |! to |! form |! ions |! in |! which |! their |! valence |! s |! electrons |! are |! not |! lost ionic |! bond |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔strong |! electrostatic |! force |! of |! attraction |! between |! cations |! and |! anions |! in |! an |! ionic |! compound Does |! a |! cation |! gain |! protons |! to |! form |! a |! positive |! charge |! or |! does |! it |! lose |! electrons? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! protons |! in |! the |! nucleus |! do |! not |! change |! during |! normal |! chemical |! reactions. |! Only |! the |! outer |! electrons |! move. |! Positive |! charges |! form |! when |! electrons |! are |! lost.
Which |! of |! the |! following |! atoms |! would |! be |! expected |! to |! form |! negative |! ions |! in |! binary |! ionic |! compounds |! and |! which |! would |! be |! expected |! to |! form |! positive |! ions: |! P, |! I, |! Mg, |! Cl, |! In, |! Cs, |! O, |! Pb, |! Co? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔P, |! I, |! Cl, |! and |! O |! would |! form |! anions |! because |! they |! are |! nonmetals. |! Mg, |! In, |! Cs, |! Pb, |! and |! Co |! would |! form |! cations |! because |! they |! are |! metals. Predict |! the |! charge |! on |! the |! monatomic |! ions |! formed |! from |! the |! following |! atoms |! in |! binary |! ionic |! compounds: (a) |! P (b) |! Mg (c) |! Al (d) |! O (e) |! Cl (f) |! Cs |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔(a) |! P3-; |! (b) |! Mg2+; |! (c) |! Al3+; |! (d) |! O2-; |! (e) |! Cl-; |! (f) |! Cs+ bond |! length |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔distance |! between |! the |! nuclei |! of |! two |! bonded |! atoms |! at |! which |! the |! lowest |! potential |! energy |! is |! achieved covalent |! bond |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔bond |! formed |! when |! electrons |! are |! shared |! between |! atoms electronegativity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tendency |! of |! an |! atom |! to |! attract |! electrons |! in |! a |! bond |! to |! itself
