Cinematography
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cinema studies camera, Schemes and Mind Maps of The Avant Garde in Literature and Cinema
a slideshow on cinemathography
Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps
2023/2024
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Cinematography
Cinematography
- (^) cinematography: "writing in movement”
- (^) Digital Cinematography and Computer-Generated Imagery have brought changes in Cinematography, which was traditionally based on chemical/photographic images and effects.
- (^) However: many terms and concepts in digital/computer-aided cinematography are based on, and often replicate, those of film-based cinematography.
- (^) Learning about film-based cinematography is very helpful to understanding digital/video cinematography.
- (^) Commonly, Cinematography = Everything that has to do with cameras and lenses, with film/film stock (and its digital equivalents), exposure and processing of film/digital images.
Elements of Cinematography
- (^) (1) Composition or Framing and Mobile Framing
- (^) Frame shape (aspect ratios), camera distance
(types of shots: e.g., CU, Medium Shot), angle,
level, height, & mobile framing (camera
movements and zooms), perspective, pov.
- (^) (2) Camera, Lens, & Exposure Choices & Techniques
(what used to be called “photographic elements”)
- (^) Camera Choices (speed of motion, shutter speed),
Lens Types (e.g., telephoto, wide angle), Lens
Settings (focus, aperture, depth of field, etc.),
Exposure issues.
Framing: Aspect Ratios
ratio of width to height
Rules of the Game , Jean Renoir, 1939 1.33:1 (4 to 3) actually 1.37: Aliens , James Cameron, 1986 1.85: Rebel Without A Cause , Nicholas Ray, 1955 2.35:1 (Cinemascope)
Video Transfers
- (^) When Widescreen Films transferred to “full-screen” 4:3 frame (video or television) see pp. 87-95 A&P on aspects ratios & transfers.
- (^) The “controller”
- (^) The person responsible for transferring a film to 4:3 video format
- (^) Becomes ‘default editor’
- (^) What stays within the frame, and what is cut
- (^) Letterboxing
- (^) blacked-out bands at the top and the bottom of a screen
- (^) approximate the wider cinematic screen
- (^) Can limit cinematographic possibilities when filmmaker has to “shoot for the box” (See also: TV Cutoff, p. 331 A&P)
- (^) Fortunately, newer 16:9 Monitors are much closer to widescreen aspect ratios. 16:9 = 1.78 to 1.
Widescreen vs. Pan and scan in Blade Runner , Ridley Scott, 1982
framing
Camera Angles
high angle
Touch of Evil (Orson Welles, 1958)
framing
Camera Angles
straight angle; straight on Rebecca (Alfred Hitchcock, 1940)
Tokyo Story (1953) Yasujiro Ozu
framing level of framing: canted framing (a.k.a. Dutch angle)
Bride of Frankenstein (James Whale, 1935)
framing
Camera/Shot Distance or “Type of Shot”
Bordwell & Thompson
**1. extreme long (ELS)
- long (LS)
- medium long shot (MLS)
- medium (MS)
- medium close-up (MCU)
- close-up (CU)
- extreme close-up (ECU)**
Ascher & Pincus
1. long shot
2. medium shot =
medium long
1. close-up = med close-
up
2. big close-up = CU
3. extreme close-up
extreme long shot (ELS)