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“Evaluation of Water Quality Index for Kothari River in Bhilwara district, Rajasthan”
A
Project Report
Submitted to
Mewar University, Chittorgarh
Towards the partial fulfillment of
The Degree of
Master of Technology
In
Environmental Engineering
Session: - 2019-
Submitted To: Submitted By:
Mr. Govind Singh Chouhan Priyanka Mishra
Assistant Professor MUR
Civil Engineering Department M.Tech Final Year
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Department of Civil Engineering
Mewar University
Chittorgarh (Rajasthan)
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DECLARATION
In accordance with the requirements for the degree of M.Tech Programme in Environmental Engineering, in Faculty of Engineering and Technology, I present this Project report on “Evaluation of Water Quality Index for Kothari River in Bhilwara district, Rajasthan”. I declare that the work presented in the report is my own work except as acknowledged in the text and foot notes.
Date: Priyanka Mishra MUR
Faculty of Engineering & Technology Department of Civil Engineering Mewar University Chittorgarh (Raj)
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CERTIFICATE FROM GUIDE
This is to certify that Ms. Priyanka Mishra, Roll No:- 180106230002 has submitted the Seminar report entitled “Evaluation of Water Quality Index for Kothari River in Bhilwara district, Rajasthan “in fulfillment for the award of the degree of Master of Technology in Environmental Engineering. The report is up to my satisfaction and as per the format prescribed for the writing of the report. Her work is approved for presentation.
Signature of Guide
Mr. Govind Singh Chouhan
Dept. of Civil Engg. Date:-
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Abstract
The current study has been designed to evaluate the water quality of Kothari River in Bhilwara district, India. Water samples from different three locations has been collected. Samples have been collected during the months from January to march 2020. Water samples have been analyzed by the help of ten Physico-Chemical Parameters. Results have been compared to the permissible limits of each parameter. Highest WQI was found at station S1. It was concluded from the study that water of Kothari River is unsuitable for drinking purpose, and required pre-treatment before use. Key words: Spectrophotometer, sample stations, Physico-Chemical Parameters, Water Quality Index (WQI)
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x LIST OF GRAPHS
- 3.1.1 Location and Graphical Area
- 3.1.2 Topography
- 3.1.3 Rainfall and Climate 16 –
- 3.1.3 Rivers of Bhilwara District 17 -
- 3.2 Kothari River 19 -
- Chapter- 4 Material and Methodology 22 –
- 4.1 Collection of Water Samples and Analysis
- 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 23 –
- 4.2.1 Total Suspended Solids 23 –
- 4.2.2 Total Dissolved Solids 24 –
- 4.2.3 pH Value 25 –
- 4.2.4 Conductivity 27 –
- 4.2.5 Turbidity 29 –
- 4.2.6 Sulphate Content 31 –
- 4.2.7 Hardness of water 33 –
- 4.2.8 Dissolved Oxygen 35 –
- 4.2.9 Biological Oxygen Demand 38 –
- 4.2.10 Nitrate 40 –
- 4.2.11 Chloride 42 - viii
- 4.2 .12 Alkalinity 44 -
- 4.3 Water Quality Index (WQI) 45 –
- Chapter- 5 Result and Discussion 51 –
- 5.1 Water Quality of Kothari River
- 5.2 WQI value
- Chapter- 6 Conclusion
- Chapter- 7 Recommendation and Future Scope - 7.1 Recommendation - 7.2 Future Scope - References 66 - - Bodies Fig.1.1 Water Residence Time in Water Inland Water
- Fig.3.1 Location of Bhilwara District
- Fig.3.2 Rivers of Bhilwara District
- Fig.3.2 Kothari River
- Fig.4.1 Sampling from station-
- Fig.4.2 pH Range
- Fig.4.3 pH Meter
- Fig.4.4 Conductivity Meter
- Fig.4.5 Turbidity Meter
- Fig.4.6 Burette
- Fig.4.7 Pipette
- Fig.4.8 Flasks
- Fig.4.9 B.O.D Bottles
- Fig.4.10 B.O.D. Incubator
- Fig.4.11 Spectrophotometer
- Fig.4.12 Titration
- Fig.4.13 Pipettes
- Fig.4.14 Beaker
- Graph 5.1 pH Values for stations GRAPH NO. TITLES PAGE NO.
- Graph 5.2 TDS Values for stations
- Graph 5.3 TH Values for stations
- Graph 5.4 DO Values for stations
- Graph 5.5 TA Values for stations
- Graph 5.6 B.O.D Values for stations
- Graph 5.7 Chloride Values for stations
- Graph 5.8 Sulphate Values for stations
- Graph 5.9 Nitrate Values for stations
- Graph 5. 10 Calcium Values for stations
- Graph 5.1 1 Water Quality Index
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LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO. TITLES PAGE NO.
Table 3.1 Summary of Kothari River^19
Table – 4.1 Hardness Scale^34
Table 4.
The permissible values of various pollutant for drinking water (expressed in mg/l except pH) recommended by CPCB and Indian Standard have been quoted.
Table – 4.3 Water Quality Index (WQI) showed quality of water 46
Table – 4.4 (a) Collected Data from station S 1 47
Table – 4.4 (b) Collected Data from station S^2
Table – 4.4 (c) Collected Data from station S^2
Table – 5.
Weight and Relative Weight assignment to each parameter for WQI 51
Table – 5.2 Computed WQI of Kothari River^52
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Water is essential for all forms of life including all the activities of human beings. Surface water is the soul resource of drinking water, which is also used in domestic activities or domestic consumption and in irrigation work. Its quality depends on different factors such as recharged water quality, rainfall, geochemical processes, and human activities. There are four major sources of surface water. These are rivers, pond, lakes and tanks. In the country there are 10,360 rivers. Different authorities have given different data about India’s water resources. There are nine important rivers in India and they are: Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Narmada, Godavari, Tapi, Krishna, and Kaveri. The surface water quality decreases by civilization, urbanization, and increase in population. Water pollution affects the water quality and human health. Human behavior has a large impact on surface water, mostly on the negative side. Human usually increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs. Construction of buildings and pavement reduce the percolation rate of water down through soil to the aquifer. Covering about 70% of earth area, surface water is what fills rivers, lakes, and all oceans. Nearly half of our lakes and rivers are polluted due to swimming, fishing and drinking
Characteristics of surface water Continental water bodies are of various types including flowing water, lakes, reservoirs, and groundwater. All these are inter connected by the hydrological cycle with many intermediate water bodies, both natural and artificial. Wetland have characteristics that are hydrologically intermediate between those rivers, lakes and groundwater. River flow is often with good lateral and vertical mixing, but vary with meteorological and climate conditions and drainage pattern. Still surface water, such as deep lakes and reservoirs, are characterized by alternating periods of satisfaction and vertical mixing. In addition, water current may be multi-directional and are much slower than rivers. Wind has an effect on the top layers of lakes and reservoir water. The residence time of water in
Chambal: - It originates at Janpat, south of Mhowtown, near Manpur, Indore. It ends a confluence of five rivers Kwari, Sind, Pahuj, Yamuna and Pachnada in U.P. state. This River is Red due to polluted tributaries and due to number of water harvesting structures including barrage, dams and anicuts, which affects environmental flow. Its water distributes in many cities of different district of Rajasthan for drinking and other many works. Mahi: - It flows in western Rajasthan. It flows in Wagad region of Rajasthan. It’s length 583 kilometres. Mahi is assigned the health status Red. There are several barrage, dams and anicuts on most of its tributaries. The main stem is also has two major dams, Mahi Bajaj Sagar near Banswara and kandana on Gujarat Border. Sabarmati: - It is major west flowing river in India. It originates in the Aravali range of Udaipur. It runs 371 kilometres in south western direction across Gujarat and Rajasthan. It is also assigned health status Red due to high level of deforestation and diversion of water from its tributaries to meet needs of urban area of south Rajasthan. Banganga: - It originates from Bairath hills in Jaipur. It finally drains into Yamuna. In Jaipur there are Jamwa ramgarh dam on it. Gumti nala, Suri, Palasan, Sanwan are tributaries of Banganga River. Due to number of water harvesting structures including barrage, dams, and anicuts on its tributaries and sand mining it is also assigned health status Red. West Banas: - It is assigned as pink due to a basin endowed with good forest. Is is useful river for many reasons. Ghaggar: - It is intermittent river in India and Pakistan. It flows during monsoon period. In upstream it is known as Ghaggar and Hakra at downstream. Hakra is hydraulically connected into Yamuna. The River qualified Red status due to seasonal nature and excessive extraction in Punjab and in Haryana. Sabi: - It flows Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi states in India. It is a seasonal river. It is 300 kilometres in length. It is also known as Sahibi River. The health status of this river is assigned Red because it rarely flows now. And due to bad effect of agriculture and Industrial activities near its catchment area.
1.2 Water Quality
Water quality is affected by natural and human influences. The most important of the natural influences are geological, hydrological and climate, these affect the quality of water. Their influence is generally high when available water qualities are low and maximum use must be made of the limited resources; for example high salinity is a frequent problem in arid and coastal areas.
The effects of human activities on water quality are both widespread in the degree to which they disrupt the ecosystem. Pollution of water by human faeces, for example, is attributable to only one source, but the reason for this type of pollution, its impacts on water quality and the necessary remedial or preventive measures are varied. Faeces pollution may occurs because there are no facilities for waste disposal, because collection and treatment are not proper, or because on-site sanitation facilities (such as latrines) drain directly into aquifers. In developed countries intestinal disease is the main problem, while organic load and eutrophication may be of greater concern in developed countries. Eutrophication results not only from point sources, such as wastewater discharges with high nutrient loads, but also from diffuse sources such as run-off from livestock feedlots or agriculture land fertilized with organic and inorganic fertilizers. Pollution from diffuse sources, such as agriculture run-off, or from numerous small inputs over a wide area, such as faecal pollution from unserved settlements, is particularly difficult to control. Quality of water may be described in terms of the concentration and state of some or all the organic and inorganic material present in the water. The main element of the water quality monitoring are, therefore, on site measurements, the collection and analysis of water samples, the study and evaluation of the analytical results, and the reporting of the findings. The results of analyses performed on a single water sample are only valid for the particular location and time at which that sample was taken, one purpose of a monitoring programme is, therefore, to gather sufficient data to assess spatial or temporal variations in water quality.
Water quality assessment is necessary for the water bodies management process. The water quality index is required to represent pollution of water bodies. The water quality criteria based on WQI have been prescribed as poor, medium, good, excellent and unsuitable for drinking. Water quality index (WQI) may be defined as the rating that reflects the composite influence of a number of water quality factor on the overall quality of water. It reduce the large amount of water parameters data into a single numerical value. It is the most effective way to communicate the information of water quality. The water quality criteria on the basis of WQI, have been prescribed as excellent, good, medium, bad and unsuitable for drinking or very bad. Many modifications have been considered for the concept of WQI, which are described in following four steps:-
- Selection of the water quality parameters.
- Transformation of the raw parameter into a common scale.
- Decision on the relative weights to be allocated to the index components.
- Specifications of the aggregation functions.
Water quality indices are used to demonstrate annual cycle, variation in water quality and trends in water quality even at low concentrations in an effective manner.
1.4 Objective
The objective of this study is to investigate the water quality of River Kothari at Bhilwara district (India), by using a Water Quality Index (WQI). The main purpose of this evaluation is to analyze the suitability of water for drinking, agriculture and industrial use. WQI is used to turn complex water quality data into information which is easily understandable and useable. The Textile city “Bhilwara” has a dark side. Industry’s effluent poisoned the ground and surface water, which affecting nearby agriculture area and people health. There are over 500 synthetic textile units on the outskirt of Bhilwara, which are main polluters of Kothari River. The main objective of this study is identification of distribution of physic- chemical parameters of Kothari River water of Bhilwara district.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
